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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Albumin/Globulin ratio?
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A measurement of the amount of the 2 major proteins in the blood.
Albumin level - Total protein=Globulin A/G=ratio |
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What are some causes of a decreased albumin level?
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Ascites, Alcoholism, Beriberi, Brucellosis, Burns, Cholecystitis, Cirrhosis, CHF, DM, Chrohn's dz, Liver dz, Edema, SLE, HTN, Glomerulonephritis, Hemorrhage, Hepatitis, Hodgkin's Dz, Hyperthyroidism, Infections
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What are some causes of increased albumin levels?
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Dehydration, Diarrhea, Meningitis, Metastatic carcinomatosis, Multiple myeloma, Neoplasms, Nephrotic syndrome, Osteomyelitis, Peptic ulcer, Pneumonia, Pregnancy, Rheumatic fever, Sprue, Stress, Trauma, TB, Uremia, Vomiting, SLE, Drugs
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What is Globulin?
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A protein that functions in the immune system & helps w/osmotic pressure.
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What causes Globulin levels to increase?
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A decrease in albumin levels.
Liver disease Alcholism |
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What is Alkaline Phosphatase?
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A enzyme that originates in the bone, liver & placenta (some activity in the kidney & intestines)
It functions best at ph of 9 & normal values are age & sex dependent. |
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Why are Alkaline Phosphatase levels tested?
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Is used as a tumor marker.
To monitor liver & bone dz. |
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What causes Alkaline Phosphatase levels to rise?
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Bone dz-levels rise w/osteoblastic activity.
Liver dz-levels rise due to impaired excretion as a result of obstruction in the biliary tree. |
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What is asparatate transaminase?
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AST
The enzyme is released into the circulation following the injury or death of cells. |
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What causes asparatate transaminase levels to rise?
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Any dz that causes changes in metabolic tissues.
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What do calcium levels evaluate?
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Levels of calcium & ionized calcium, to evaluate parathyoid function, calcium tetabolism & malignant activity.
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What is the most common cause of increases in calcium levels?
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Hyperparathyroidism & cancer
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What is the most common cause of decreases in calcium levels?
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Hypoalbuminemia
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What are the S/Sx of low calcium levels?
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<6mg/dl
tetany (tonic muscular spasms) & convultions |
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What are the S/Sx of high levels of calcium?
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>13mg/dl
cardiotoxicity, arrhythmias & coma. |
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What are some reasons for increased calcium levels?
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Hyperparathyroidism, CA, Granulomatous dz, Hyperthyroidism, Paget's dz, Prolonged immoilizations, fx.
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What are the normal ranges for Albumin?
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Adults; 3.5-4.8 g/dL
Children; 2.9-5.5 g/dL (panic range; <1.5 g/dL) Levels at 2.0-2.5g/dL may be the cause of edema. |
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What are the normal ranges for Alkaline Phosphatase?
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Females 1-12 yrs <350 U/L
>15 yrs 25-100 U/L Males 1-12 yrs <350 U/L 12-14 yrs <500 U/L >20 yrs 25-100 U/L |
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What are the normal ranges for Calcium?
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Adults 8.8-10.4 mg/dL
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What are the normal ranges for Ionized Calcium?
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Adults 4.65-5.28 mg/dL
Newborn 4.4-5.48 mg/dL 1-18yr 4.8-5.52 |
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What are the normal ranges for Cholesterol?
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<200
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What are the normal ranges for Triglycerides?
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<200
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What are the normal levels for Potassium?
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3.5-5.2 mEq/L
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What are some causes for decreased potassium?
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Diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, starvation, malabsorption, Bartler's syndrome, draining wounds, cystic fibrosis, severe burns, primary aldosteronism, alcoholism, Osmotic hyperglycemia, respiratory alkalosis, renal tubular acidosis, diuretic, anibiotic & mineralocorticoid administration, barium chloride poisnoing, tx of megaloblastic anemia w/vitamin B12 or folic acid.
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What is the most frequent cause of potassium deficiency?
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GI loss
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What is the most frequent cause of potassium depletion?
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IV fluid administration without adequate potassium supplements.
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What are the causes of increased potassium levels?
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Renal failure, dehydration, obstruction & trauma. Cell damage; burns, accidents, surgery, chemotherapy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, Addison's dz, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Uncontrolled DM, SLE, Sickle cell, interstitial nephritis & tubular disorders. Kidney transplant rejection.
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Regarding potassium levels what happens with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
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Damaged cells release potassium into the blood.
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Regarding potassium levels what happens with Metabolic acidosis?
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Potassium is driven out of the cells.
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Decreased potassium levels can be an indication of;
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Primary Aldosteronism
A secondary cause of HTN |
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What does a potassium level <2.5 mEq/L cause?
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Ventricular fibrillation.
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What does a potassium level >7mEq/L cause?
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Myocardial irritability.
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The Potassium value should be checked in severe cases of;
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Addison's dz, Steroid therapy, Uremic coma, Cardiac pt. on dig., Interstional obstruction, Acute renal failure, GI loss with the administration of diuretics.
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What are the normal levels of sodium?
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136-145 mEq/L
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What are the random glucose panic values?
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<40 mg/dl = possible brain damage.
>470 mg/ld = possible coma |
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What is a normal fasting glucose level?
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<126
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What is a normal random glucose level?
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<200
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What test would you run to diagnose gout?
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Uric Acid
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