Diagnostic Immunology (Applications Of Immune Responses)

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the first M of the MMR vaccine Dance 4

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measles

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to test for exposure a blank a patient's serum is mixed with rubella and spread over cell culture is anti rubella antibodies are present neutralization occurs and there will be no cytopathic effect

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virus

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is passive immunity temporary or permanent

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it's temporary both nationally occurring an artificially acquired because no memory cells are produced

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where do naturally occurring class IgM anti a and anti b antibodies occur

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in blood plasma

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injected influenza vaccine

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have been inactivated since 1976

you cannot get the disease from the vaccine shot
now it is it is a subunit vaccine only contains small pieces of the virus

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when was the oral polio vaccine developed and what is it called

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sabin (oral) polio vaccine OPV was attenuated 2nd polio vaccine developed in 1963

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artificially acquired active immunity

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vaccination both antibody production and memory result all though boosters maybe needed it

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to test for previous exposure to a virus in patients serum is mixed with a virus and spread over cell culture if antiviral antibodies are present they neutralize the virus and there will be no blank

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cytopathic effect

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the Rhogam shot

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given to an Rh negative woman about 7 months of pregnancy
then given after the birth of an Rh+ fetus
the preformed antibodies destroy fetal cells before the mother's immune system can develop memory of the Rh antigen

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if she blood cells live on the second day of the Wasserman test. this indicates

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the patient does not have syphilis

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the r of the MMR vaccine

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rubella

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lysis by complement fixation begins with a blank antigen combining with a class I GG or IgM antibody which in turn activates the complement cascade

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cellular

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precipitation reaction

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begins with a soluble antigen combining with antibodies and then forms insoluble percipitate which is easier to phagocytize

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naturally acquired active immunity

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occurs when a person goes through illness so that their immune system produces antibodies and memory cells

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what do antiserum shots contain

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preformed antibodies from someone else
examples include anti tinnitus anti-rabies anti botulism and the Rhogam shot

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the attenuated saben oral polio vaccine obv

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the second polio vaccine developed in 1963

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artificially acquired passive immunity occurs

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with an injection of preformed antibodies (antiserum) from someone else
and is relatively short lived because no memory cells
anti tetanus anti rabies anti botulism and the Rhogam shot are all examples

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naturally acquired passive immunity is due to blank antibodies crossing the placenta from mother to fetus during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy

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IgG

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naturally acquired passive immunity is extended by class blank antibodies in breastmilk

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IgA

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conjugate vaccines only contain combine pieces of the pathogen and can't cause disease examples include the pneumococcal vaccine against blank pneumonia and the meningococcal vaccine against Neisseria meningitides

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streptococcus

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naturally occurring anti-a and anti-b antibodies are both classes blank antibody

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IgM

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in the Waterman has for syphilis the blanks system includes sheep red blood cells providing a new solar antigen and the sheep red blood cell antibodies that reacts with a new cellular antigen

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indicator

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lysis by complement fixation begins with a class by GG or IgM antibody combines with a Cellular antigen which in turns activates the

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complement cascade

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the Wasserman test used to test for blank

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syphilis when blood tests were required to get married

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sheep RBCs will not lyse during the second day of the Wiseman test if blank is not present in the patient Plasma

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compliment this means that the patient has or had syphilis

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attenuated vaccine

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means weekend pathogen
includes OPV (sabin oral polio vaccine) measles mumps rubella varicella (chicken pox) and variola (smallpox)
although the protection is believed to be the best there is an extremely slight risk of the weakened pathogen and can change to a virulent form

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Elisa

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is a acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a very sensitive testing in which antibodies tagged with enzymes that react with a substrate that changes colors

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the only know naturally occurring anribodies

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ant a and anti b of class IgM

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naturally acquired active immunity

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occurs when a person goes through an illness so that their immune system experiences the microbe and produces both antibodies and memory cells

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the T of the DPT vaccine

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tetanus aka lockjaw

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what Elisa are results qualitative

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because it indicates of anti-hiv antibodies are present or not

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why is the elisa quantitative

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because the amount of color change indicates the amount of antibodies present in the patient serum

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the Schick test

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involve inoculate into diphtheria exotoxin under the skin a patient with antibodies (previous exposure to diphtheria) has no reaction
when the patient without antibody (no previous exposure to diphtheria) develop inflammation at the site

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recombinant subunit vaccines

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antigenic fraction vaccines are made by genetic engineering
hepatitis B and HPV vaccines are examples

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diagnostic immunology is also called blank

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serology based on antigen antibody reaction

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hemagglutination results of blood typing are do to

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antigen-antibody reactions

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the P of the DPT vaccine

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pertussis aka whooping cough

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and opsonization reaction

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begins when antibodies attached to a slimy bacterial capsule making it sticky and bumping , promoting phagocytosis

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the only way that naturally acquired passive immunity occurs is

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across the placenta from mother to fetus
and in breastmilk, mother to newborn

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to produce monoclonal antibodies a blank is formed by mixing sensitized mouse B lymphocytes with myeloma (cancer of plasma ) cells
like sensitized mature b-lymphocytes they make a single antibody and like cancer cells they proliferate in tissue culture indefinitely

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hybridoma

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recombinant subunit AKa

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antigenic fraction vaccines are produced by genetic engineering including hepatitis B and HPV vaccine

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the middle m of the MMR vaccine

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Mumps

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anti a blood typing serum contains

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anti a antibodies and therefore, clumps any cell with the a antigen

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precipitation reaction begins with

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a soluble antigen combining with antibody and then forms an insoluble precipitate which is easier to phagocytize

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neutralization refers to the result of antigen antibody reaction that eliminates the harmful effects of

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a virus or a toxin

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developed the first vaccine against polio the (injectable polio vaccine) IPV in 1954 90 percent effective

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salk

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anti a class iGM antibodies naturally occurring in the plasma if

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type B & O blood type

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E of ELISA

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enzyme

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anti b class IgM antibodies are naturally occurring in the plasma of

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people with blood type A or O

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use of custom-made monoclonal antibodies is

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to travel directly to cancer cells and destroy them

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an agglutination reaction begins with

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a cellular or particulate antigen such as pollen combining with an antibody formed by cross-linking promoting phagocytosis

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this is used to artificially introduce the host to a pathogen is especially helpful when getting the disease is fatal

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vaccine

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the D of DTP

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diphtheria

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buffer wash

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is used twice during the ELISA procedure to wash away any antibodies that are not attached permanently

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the Rh blood factor was discovered in

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Rhesus monkeys

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inactivated vaccine includes

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killed and it includes the IPV (sulk injectable polio vaccine) rabies hepatitis A and anthrax the contents cannot recert back to virtual dangerous form but they may also require boosters

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the I in ELISA

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immunosorbent

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A B and Rh blood type antigens are found on the surface of

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erythrocyte

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opsonization reaction occurs when antibodies

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attached to a slimy bacterial capsule making it sticky and bumpy promoting factor cytosis

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diagnostic immunology hemagglutination reaction is used for

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blood typing

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Wasserman test

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use for syphilis is based on a complement fixation reaction

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a neutralization reaction begins with

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a virus or an endotoxin antigen combining with antibody antigenic determine covering and disarming the antigen

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anti-rh blood coming serum contains

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anti Rh antibodies and therefore clumps any cell with RH antigen

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antiserum shops contain

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preformed antibodies from someone else antitetanus anti rabies antibltulism and Rhogam shots are all examples also known as gammaglobulin shots

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optimization of a slimy bacterial capsule makes

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phagocytosis easier

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artificially acquired active immunity may require

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periodic booster shots to maintain good protection

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agglutination reaction begins with

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it's all either or particular antigen such as pollen combining with antibody formed by cross-linking promoting phagocytosis

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Elisa test, blank is a colorless substrate that turns color when an enzyme acts on it

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chromogen

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artificially acquired passive immunity

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occurs with an injection of preformed antibodies antiserum from someone else and is relatively short lived three weeks or so anti tetanus anti rabies anti botulism in the Rhogam shot

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vaccines are

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suspensions of microbes or part of them or their product that will induce active artificial immunity in a host

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toxoid vaccines

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inactivated exotoxin vaccines include those for the diptheria and tetanus (dpt)

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complement fixation with a class I GG or IgM antibody combined with an Cellular antigen which in turn activates the complement cascade this causes the blank of the target cell

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vitalizes

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a pregnancy test

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involves monoclonal antibody to taking HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin

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monoclonal antibodies are

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pure preparations that exhibits specifically to a single antigenic determinate
they are uniforms highly specific and able to be produced in high-quantity

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hemagglutination is the basis for blood typing

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this is the company of red blood cells and anti a anti b and anti Rh anti serums are added the blood drops and then observed for clumping

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antiserum injections are also called

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gamma globulin shots because they consist of preformed antibodies

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antigen-antibody interactions such as agglutination precipitation and opsonization are beneficial because

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promote phagocytosis

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to produce monoclonal antibodies a hybridoma is formed by fusing an antibody-producing mouse plasma c ell with a blank
like regular plasma cells theymake a single antibody and like cancer cells they proliferate in tissue culture indefinitely

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myeloma cancerous mouse plasma cell

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blood typing results are due to

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antigen-antibody reactions

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the Schick test

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involved diphtheria exotoxin inoculated into the skin a patient with the antibodies has no reaction a patient with out anti body develops the red swollen area

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the L in Elisa

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linked

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cross the placenta from mother to fetus during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy

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IgG antibodies

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conjugate vaccines

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contain combined pieces of the pathogen and can't cause disease examples include the pneumococcal vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae and the meningococcal vaccine against Neisseria meningitides

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artificially acquired active immunity

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occurs by vaccination antibody production in memory results

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the Schick test

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involved in oculating a tiny amount of harmful diphtheria exotoxin under the skin
a patient with previous exposure has no reaction
a patient without previous exposure develops inflammation at the inoculation site because there are no antibodies to neutralize the toxin

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the a in ELISA

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assay

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anti a blood typing serum contains

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anti a enterprise in there for our company sells with the A antigen