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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Radiography or ultrasound |
Radiography can give an indication for which regions should be given special attention in ultrasound Skeletal structures better on radiographs |
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Patient preparation for abdominal radiography |
Starve for 12 hours, enema |
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After ultrasonography |
Barium study |
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Positioning for lateral abdominal radiographs |
Forelimbs cranial, hindlimbs caudal Sponge between legs Centre on last rib (liver, stomach) Centre on mid-abdomen (bladder, uterus, prostate) Small dogs - caudal to last rib (entire abdomen) Collimate to include diaphragm and pelvis Use a grid >10cm |
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Positioning for ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs |
Dorsal recumbency Trough/positioning aids Extend hind limbs caudally Small dogs - centre on umbilicus Grid >12 cm |
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Positioning for male urethra radiographs |
Centre primary beam on ischium, collimate for caudal abdomen and pelvis |
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Technique |
Low kV - high contrast - calculi visualisation High mAs |
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Timing |
Exposure during expiration |
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Roentgen signs |
Position Number Size Shape Margination Radio-opacity |
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Normal liver |
Cranioventral Triangular, sharp margins, within rib cage - may extend just beyond |
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Liver enlargement/mass |
Displaces gastric axis |
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Spleen head |
Craniodorsal left abdomen Fixed part - gastrosplenic ligament Visible on ventrodorsal |
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Spleen distal extremity |
Variable location Visible in ventral abdomen - right lateral in dogs |
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Right kidney |
Cranial to left kidney Usually at level of T13-L2 Caudate lobe of liver |
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Left kidney |
Usually at level of L1/2 |
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Bladder |
Cranial to pelvic inlet in bitch and castrated male dogs |
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Bladder neck cats |
Long and straight |
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Prostate visibility |
More visible in entire and older dogs - moves from intrapelvic to intraabdominal |
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Renal size dog |
2.5-2.5 x L2 |
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Renal size cat |
1.8-2.4 x L2 |
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Intestinal wall diameter |
If width 1.5x height of L5, 2x width of rib, wider than 12mm in cats, one loop >2x diameter of other loops, stacked/layered appearance = ABNORMAL DISTENSION |
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Which structures are not normally visible in an abdominal radiograph? |
Adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, sublumbar lymph nodes, prostate (ultrasound) |
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Loss of intra-abdominal detail |
Young animals or thin animals - lack of fat Peritoneal effusion Peritonitis Peritoneal neoplasia (carcinomatosis) Radiographic factors |
