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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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As a communications theorist and therapist, Haley deals with the concepts of the double-bind, setting conditions, and what else?
a. family blueprint b. paradoxical interventions c. i-messages d. prejudicial scapegoating |
b.
Jay Haley, a communications theorist, is associated with strategic family therapy and is well known for his use of paradoxical interventions (e.g., instructing a patient to purposefully engage in the symptomatic behavior). |
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According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego defense mechanisms function to:
a. keep unacceptable impulses from reaching consciousness. b. ensure socially appropriate behavior c. signal the emergence of anxiety d. reduce conflict between the ego and the superego |
a.
The function of ego defense mechanisms is to keep unacceptable impulses from reaching consciousness. Anxiety results when the defense mechanisms fail to control "psychic excitation" (i.e., the entry of unconscious impulses into consciousness) |
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A recent Latino immigrant to the United States would probably have the most difficulty adjusting to a psychotherapist who displays:
a. an eclectic orientation b. a focus on individualism. c. an informal personal style. d. a focus on the client's level of acculturation. |
b.
As compared to American culture, Latino culture is generally characterized by a greater emphasis on the immediate extended family unit and less emphasis on individualism. |
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Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypnotic state? It involves:
a. induction of a "trance state" which, in its deepest form, may be associated with induced visual or auditory experiences. b. a heightened state of concentration and increased receptivity to the suggestions of another person. c. a loss of control over one's actions from oneself to the hypnotist. d. an ability to recall memories that are not available to the conscious mind during the non-hypnotic state. |
c.
People under hypnosis report that they never feel as though they are not in control of their actions when they are in a hypnotic trance. Choices A and B have been used in various contexts as working definitions of hypnosis. |
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Which of the following is the strongest indicator of suicide risk?
a. depression b. family history of suicide c. hopelessness d. alcoholism |
c.
A number of studies has identified hopelessness as the aspect of depressive symptomatology associated with the greatest suicide risk. |
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From the perspective of Gestalt therapy, the term "introjection" refers to:
a. adopting the values and behaviors of others without fully assimilating them into the personality structure. b. directing unacceptable anger and aggression inward. c. being oriented toward self rather than oriented toward others. d. attributing one's own unacceptable beliefs and impulses to others. |
A
According to the theory that underlies Gestalt therapy, introjection is a boundary disturbance that involves assimilating information, beliefs, and values without really understanding them. |
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Which of the following clinical tests was developed on the basis of emperical criterion keying?
a. Rorschach b. 16PF c. WAIS-III d. MMPI-2 |
D
Empirical criterion keying is a method of choosing items for a test on the basis of the items' ability to distinguish between groups. Of the choices listed, only the MMPI-2 was developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying. |
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A feminist therapist would:
a. focus on innate, biological differences between men and women. b. believe that there are no inherent differences in power between a psychotherapist and a client. c. focus on social and political factors that underlie a woman's so called psychopathology. d. argue that only highly trained professionals are capable of understanding and treating female clients in psychotherapy |
C
Feminist therapy approaches assume that sexism and oppressive social roles underlie the reported problems of women who seek therapy. |
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Which of the following statements regarding client-therapist ethnic matching is most consistent with the overall body of research on the issue?
a. Clients who receive therapy from racially and ethnically similar therapists are likely to show greater progress than those who have ethnically different therapists. b. Client-therapist ethnic similarity has not been demonstrated to have any significant effect on therapy outcome. c. The race of the client and therapist are variables that interact with a number of client and therapist variables in exerting their effects on therapy outcome. d. Client-therapist ethnic similarity has been shown to have an impact on therapy outcome for only African-American clients. |
C
Though this is a controversial issue in the literature, the generally accepted consensus is that ethnic matching per se is not related to therapy outcome. However, variables such as therapist sensitivity to cultural variable and the client's level of identification with their ethnic groups influence the way in which ethnic similarity affects outcome. |
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Which of the following terms is not associated with Minuchin's structural family therapy?
a. enmeshment b. disengagement c. boundaries d. congruence |
d. The term congruence is associated with Roger's client-centered therapy. It refers to genuineness and consistency between the therapist's words and behaviors.
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A therapist that focuses on a client's basic needs for power, affiliation, and fun is likely a:
a. reality therapist b. Gestalt therapist c. transactional therapist d. person-centered therapist |
A
According to the theory underlying reality therapy, psychological problems are due to an inability to responsibly and adequately meet one's basic needs. These needs include those for survival, belonging, power, fun, and freedom. |
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According to psychoanalytic theory, a patient with an obsessive-compulsive neurosis is likely to strongly rely on which of the following sets of defenses:
a. reaction formation, isolation of affect, and undoing b. projection, displacement, and denial c. somatization, introjection, and reaction formation d. isolation, denial, and repression |
A. Reaction formation involves dealing with unacceptable impulses by substituting their opposite. The OCD personality is often overly rigid in matters of morality and ethics. Isolation of affect involves separation of thoughts from feelings associated with them. The OCD personality, while able to describe affectively charged events, prefers to avoid discussing feelings about them. Undoing involves behaviors designed to symbolically negate unacceptable thoughts or actions. OCD often involves ritualistic compulsions in response to obsessions.
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Unconscious mental processing is called primary process thinking. This primary process functions according to the: a. pleasure principle
b. reality principle c. free association principle d. transference between client and therapist |
A
Freud described the primary process thinking as governed by the id and functionoing according to the pleasure principle. |
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Jung believed that people turn from an extroverted process to an introverted one:
a. in early adolescence b. toward the end of life c. around age 40 d. depending on the social situation |
C
Carl Jung described extroversion as the disposition to find pleasure in external things. Introversion reflected a turning inward of the libido. He believed that we turned from the extroversion of youth to the introversion of adulthood somewhere near the midpoint of life - around 40. |
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Adler termed the concept the "masculine protest" to refer to:
a. a child's awareness that he is not female b. the pre-feminist movement c. Neo-Freudians d. inferiority complex |
D
The masculine protest came from Adler's idea that every child experiences feelings of inferiority which supply the motivation to grow, dominate, and be supportive. |
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Harry Stack Sullivan believed that neurotic behavior is often caused by:
a. syntaxic modes b. prototaxic modes c. parataxic modes d. Neo-Freudians |
Harry Stack Sullivan believed that parataxic distortions - delaing with current acquaintances as if they were significant persons from early life - caused neuroticism.
He also described syntaxic mode experiences (symbols with shared meanings) and prototaxic mode experiences (involve discrete unconnected momentary states) |
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Existential psychotherapy focuses on:
a. the individual and his community b. the individual and the ultimate concerns of existence c. the existence of our species d. congruence |
B
Existential psychotherapy holds that personality is an outgrowth of the struggle between the individual and ultimate concerns of existence, such as death, isolation, meaninglessness, and the ultimate responsibility for our own lives. |
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Fritz Perl's Gestalt therapy and theory of personality emphasizes:
a. style of life b. boundary disturbances c. an understanding of maladaptive interactions d. psychoanalysis |
B
Fritz Perl's theory of personality viewed it as consistency of the self and the self-image. A person's interaction with the environment determines which part of the personality exerts the most control. A "boundary disturbance" such as introjection, deflection, confluence, results in a person who is less controlled by the self and more controlled by the self-image. |
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A feminist therapist would often have as a primary goal for her clients:
a. an understanding of sexism b. reducing crossed transactions c. empowerment d. group therapy |
C
The emphasis of feminist therapy is to show clients alternative social roles and options. One of the primary goals is empowerment |
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The primary difference between object relations family therapy, and most system based models is:
a. the development of a supportive therapeutic environment. b. active listening c. communication is needed for effective family change. d. insight is a core requirement for family change. |
D
A core tenet of object relations family therapy is that insight is a care requirement for family change. Another major tenet of this form of therapy is that problems in current relationships between family members can be interpretted in terms of transferences resulting from the early mother-child relationship. |
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According to Yalom, if a therapist is criticized by the group for not disclosing personal information, the therapist should:
a. interpret the behavior as resistance b. consider it a normal stage in the development of the group and ignore it c. ask the group more questions about why they feel that way d. exhibit more control |
C
This question is really asking about transference. Answer B is only partially correct. Transference is a normal stage in group development; however, it should not be ignored. Yalom believes that transference can be beneficial if it is managed effectively. The only answer that allows for further investigation and management of transference is C. |
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A disadvantage of concurrent participation in individual and group therapy is that:
a. the patient is likely to rely on group therapy rather than individual therapy for support. b. the patient may save all of his personal self-disclosures for individual therapy, leaving nothing for the group. c. the patient may bring material from the group into individual therapy. d. it is not useful for patients with a Personality Disorder (PD). |
B
According to Yalom, a disadvantage of concurrent participation in individual and group therapy is that the patient may be more inclined to self-disclosure in individual therapy, where he or she receives more individual attention. As a consequence, self-disclosure in group therapy is reduced or lost. |
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The MMPI-2, the most widely used clinical personality test, contains the following clinical scales:
a. Schizophreniform (SF), Gender Identity (GI), Narcissism (N), Social Extroverson (SE) b. Bipolar I (Bi), Personality Disorder (PD), Axis I (A1), Axis II (A2) c. Hypochondriasis (HS), Hysteria (HY), Paranoia (Pa), Hypomania (Ma) d. Location, Determinants, Content, Populars |
C
Choice C are clinical scales from the MMPI-2. Choice D is a list of different scoring categories from Exner's Comprehensive Scoring System for the Rorschach. |
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Most of the variance in treatment outcome is accounted for by:
a. the working alliance b. the specific treatment intervention c. the fee d. the initial impression |
A
The working alliance accounts for most of the variance in treatment outcome and it has been found to be more important than the specific treatment intervention. |
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Remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation are descriptions of:
a. crisis intervention b. therapy phase outcomes c. stages in alcohol treatment d. stages of life |
B
The three Rs describe the three phases of therapy outcome described by Howard's research that found a relationship between the number of therapy sessions and therapy outcome. According to Howard's research: Remoralization is the first phase encompassing the first few sessions. Remediation is the second phase that requires symptomatic relief and requires about 16 sessions. Rehabilitation is the third phase and involves a gradual improvement in various aspects of functioning. |
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The emic-etic distinction in the study of a culture includes the etic approach of looking at cultures from the outside using universally accepted means of investigation and the emic approach which involves:
a. analyzing the culture from the researcher's perspective b. comparing it to other cultures. c. studying a culture from the inside and seeing it as its own members do d. ego-manic idiosyncratic consultation. |
C
The emic approach involves studying the culture from the inside, and attempting to see it as its own members do. |
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A culturally encapsulated therapist:
a. is aware of his/her own cultural biases b. defines the world in terms of his own cultural beliefs. c. notices and works with cultural variations among clients. d. is able to work effectively with members of different cultural groups. |
B
A culturally encapsulated therapist defines the world in terms of this/her own cutltural beliefs, according to Wrenn. Choices A, C, and D are descriptions of a culturally competent counselor according to Sue. |
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Which age range has seen the greates increase in suicide rates in recent years?
a. under 15 b. 15-24 c. 40-55 d. 65-80 |
B
The question focuses specifically on which age group is showing the greatest increase in suicide rate, which is the 15-24 age group. |
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You develop a program for preschool children who are at risk fo rlearning disabilities. This is an example of:
a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. advocacy consultation |
A
Primary prevention is administered before the onset of a problem and is designed to prevent the development of the problem. |
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When they seek psychotherapy, many physically abused women report that they do not want to leave their husbands. A common reason for this is that:
a. the woman feels she is physically strong enough to defend herself. b. the woman and her husband are in a "honeymoon" stage in which the husband apologizes and promises to change. c. the woman has an adequate support system to help her in times of crisis d. the woman has a self-defeating personality disorder |
. B
According to Lenore Walker's three stage model of domestic violence, a battering incident usually culminates in a "honeymoon" phase, in which the batterer is remorseful, apologetic, and promises never to batter again. Interventions for spouse abuse most commonly occur in this honeymoon phase, shortly after the abuse has occurred. |
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The difference between peroperational and concrete operational thought is that:
a. the preoperational child is able to intuit, whereas the concrete operational child is not b. the concrete operational child has mastered conservation of the object, whereas the preoperational child has not c. the concrete operational child is able to coordinate his thinking into systems he can direct and control, whereas the preoperational child is not. d. the concrete operational child is not capable of representation, whereas the preoperational child is. |
B
Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. In the preoperational stage, the child is unable to conserve, or recognize that a change in an objects appearance does not mean that the object's fundamental properties have changed. |
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A 3-year-old child sees a squirrel "fly" from one tree to another and classifies it as a bird. After getting a closer look at the squirrel, he sees that it can only "fly" short distances and that it has fur instead of feathers. He then reclassifies it as a "flying animal other than a bird". According to Piaget, the child has engaged in what two processes, respectively?
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A
Assimilation involves incorporating new information from the environment into existing cognitive schemas. Accommodation, by contrast, involves modifying a cognitive scheam to be consistent with new environmental information. |
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According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict experienced by adolescents is:
a. autonomy vs. shame b. ego identity vs. role confusion c. intimacy vs. isolation d. rebellion vs. conformity |
B
Erikson's theory of development describes the "Eight Stages of Man" or the psychosocial crises that are associated with development throughout the life span. According to this theory, adolescents face the crisis of ego identity vs. role confusion. |
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests all of the following except the:
a. necessity of progressing through the stages of moral development in a set sequence. b. importance of the development of cognitive skill as a basis for changes in the quality of one's moral judgment. c. direction of development as moving from a more hedonistic stance to a reliance on specific principles of conscience d. necessity of progressing through the stages as opposed to remaining fixed at an early stage of development |
34. D
Kohlberg's theory of moral development holds that our beliefs about what is right and what is wrong progress through a predictable sequence that is a function of our cognitive development. Many individuals never progress to the final stage of development and remain fixed at an earlier stage. |
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A behavior that does not develop unless certain environmental events are present during a limited period of time illustrates the notion of:
a. sensitive periods b. critical periods c. canalization d. maturation |
B
A critical period is a limited time period during which an organism is biologically prepared to acquire certain behaviors but requires the support of an appropriately stimulating environment. |
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Phenotype refers to:
a. genetically determined characteristics b. environmentally determined characteristics c. observable and measureable characteristics d. characteristics with an unknown origin |
C
Phenotype refers to characteristics that are observable and measureable and that often reflect a combination of genetic and environmental influen |
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As defined by Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development:
a. refers to the people and resources in the learner's immediate environment b. refers to the child's biologically-determined range of reactions c. is the gap between what a child can do and what he or she wants to do d. is the gap between what a child can currently do and what he or she can do with assistance. |
D
Vygotsky believed teaching is most effective when it occurs within the child's zone of proximal development, the gap between what a child can currently do and what the child can do with assistance from an adult or more competent pee |
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Stranger anxiety is most intense when an infant is: a. 6-7 months
b. 10-11 months c. 17-18 months d. 22-24 months |
C
Strange anxiety is first evident when the infant is between 8-10 months of age. The intensity of stranger anxiety is at its maximum when the infant is about 18 months of age. |
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Delinquent adolescents are most likely to have parents who are:
a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. uninvolved |
D
The characteristics of the uninvolved parents (e.g., weak supervision, hostility or indifference) have been linked to delinquency in adolescence. |
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The goodness of fit model developed by Thomas and Chess proposes that healthy development requires a match between:
a. temperament and environment b. thoughts, feelings, and actions c. attachment and parents' responsibility d. cognitive abilities and environmental demands |
A
Knowning that Thomas and Chess are most associated with research on temperament would have guided you to the right answer. |
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Which of the following aspects of memory shows the most decline with age?
a. sensory memory b. primary memory c. secondary memory d. implicit memory |
C
One of the most consistent findings of the research in this area is that recent long-term (i.e., secondary memory) is most adversely affected by normal aging. |
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Patterson and colleagues would most likely agree that highly aggressive children:
a. are born that way b. exhibit a high incidence of cognitive distortions c. have unfulfilled needs d. have highly aggressive parents |
D
Patterson has focused on family factors that contribute to aggressiveness in children, and he has found that the development of aggression was due largely to imitation of parent's aggressive behaviors and the parent's reinforcement of aggressive behavior by the the child. |
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Anxiety about death is greatest for individuals aged: a. 20-30
b. 30-40 c. 40-50 d. 50-60 |
C
For most people, anxiety about death is strongest during the midlife years. |
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A school psychologist is interested in studying the interrelationships between a child's home and school environments. From the perspective of Brofenbrenner's ecological model, the psychologist is interested in the: a. mesosystem
b. exosystem c. macrosystem d. endosystem |
A
As defined by Bronfenbrenner, the mesosystem refers to the interconnections between different aspects of the microsystem - the connection between the family and the school. |
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A 15-year-old gets her haircut and feels that the hairdresser trimmed her bangs much too short. She tells her mother that she doesn't want to return to school until her hair grows out because she is sure that everyone will make fun of her until then. This is an example of:
a. identity moratorium b. adolescent centration c. personal fable d. imaginary audience |
45. D
According to Elkind, one manifestation of adolescent egocentrism is the belief that one is always "on stage". This is referred to as the imaginary audience. |
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Zajonc's "confluence model" would support the finding that:
a. first-born children tend to have greater intellectual ability than later-born. b. later-born children tend to have greater intellectual ability than early-born. c. the last child born is coddled d. the larger the family, the better the children get along |
A
Zajonc proposed a confluence model to support a number of studies that suggest that first born children tend to have greater intellectual abilities than later born children. Zajonc maintains that as the number of children in a family increases, the amount of intellectual stimulation and other important family resources available to each individual declines. |
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The first words infants express are usually: a. Ninja turtles
b. action words c. verbs d. nouns |
D
Children tend to express names of objects of significance to them, like Da-Da, Ba-ba, MaMa, etc. So nouns is the best answer. |
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Which of the following provides the best predictor of teenage delinquency?
a. low SES b. single-parent household c. low self-esteem d. poor supervision and erratic discipline |
D
Research appears to indicate that poor adult supervision and erratic discipline are among the most critical factors assocated with teenage delinquency. |
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During the first few days following birth, smiling by an infant is associated with:
a. human voices b. REM sleep c. human smiling d. wet diapers |
B
During the first few days following birth, smiling by an infant is associated with REM sleep. By the second week, the infant will begin to smile while awake. |
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Comparing children from intact families to children from divorced families, the National Survey of Children has found that as they reach early adulthood:
a. children from divorced families are more likely to demonstrate academic and emotional problems b. children from intact families are more likely to demonstrate academic problems, but emotionally are not different c. children from intact families are more likely to demonstrate academic and emotional problems d. children from intact families and divorced families are indistinguishable |
A
Although the evidence is not overwhelming, the evidence suggests that divorce can produce negative consequences by the time the child reaches early adulthood. |
