Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How does endogenous and synthetic insulin work?
|
Binds insulin receptor --> increased tyrosine kinase activity --> increased GLUT-4-mediated uptake of glucose in muscle and liver, aids TG storage in adipose, K+ uptake in muscle
|
|
|
Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine are _____________ insulins
|
short-acting, monomeric
|
|
|
NPH is a __________ insulin
|
intermediate-acting
|
|
|
Glargine and detemir are ___________ insulins
|
long-acting
|
|
|
Regular insulin is what configuration? How does this impact its action?
|
hexameric, takes longer to peak
|
|
|
Glipizide, Glyburide, and Glimepiride are in what class of drugs?
|
oral hypoglycemics
SULFONYLUREAS |
|
|
How do the sulfonylureas work?
|
close K receptor on beta cells/ activated receptor --> depolarize membrane --> Ca influx --> INCREASED INSULIN SECRETION
|
|
|
Repaglinid and Nateglinide are in what class of drugs?
|
oral hypoglycemics
MEGLITINIDES |
|
|
Why can the solufonylureas and meglitinides only be used in T2 DM?
|
they require functioning beta islet cells
|
|
|
Metformin is an example of a ________
|
biguanide
|
|
|
How do the meglitinides work?
What makes them different than sulfonylureas? |
activate different receptor than sulfonylureas --> INCREASED INSULIN SECRETION
Shorter half-life than sulfonylureas |
|
|
How does metformin work?
|
Suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis via AMP/AMPK pathway
|
|
|
What is/are the major side effects of metformin?
|
lactic acidosis, N/V
|
|
|
What is/are the major side effects of the sulfonylureas and meglitinides?
|
hypoglycemia
|
|
|
Miglitol and acarbose are examples of what class of drug?
|
alpha glucosidase inhibitors
|
|
|
How do alpha glucosidase inhibitors work?
|
inhibit intestinal brush border --> INHIBIT CARB DIGESTION
|
|
|
Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone are examples of what class of drugs?
|
Thiazolidinediones
oral hypoglycemic |
|
|
How do the glitazones work?
|
increase insulin sensitivity in periphery via PPAR-gamma, especially in adipose (direct effect)
|
|
|
What are the side effects of the glitazones?
|
edema, weight gain
|
|
|
Sitagliptin and saxagliptin are examples of what class of drugs?
|
DPP-IV inhibitors
oral hypoglycemic |
|
|
How do the DPP-IV inhibitors work?
|
inhibit enzyme that breaks down incretins --> prolonged incretin effects --> increased satiety, slowed gastric emptying, increased insulin, decreased glucagon
|
|
|
Exenatide and liraglutide are examples of what class of drug?
|
incretin mimetics (analogues of GLP-1)
injected hypoglycemis |
|
|
what are the actions of incretins and incretin mimetics?
|
increase insulin, decrease glucagon, increase satiety, slow gastric emptying
|
|
|
What is pramlintide?
|
amylin analogue
injected hypoglycemic |
|
|
What does amylin/pramlintide do?
|
decrease glucagon, increase satiety, slows gastric emptying
|
|
|
Which non-insulin hypoglycemics can be used for Type I and Type II DM?
|
Pramlintide (amylin analogue)
Metformin (biguanide) |
|
|
What are the mechanisms of action of the following drugs?
- diethylproprion - phentermine - mazindol - sibutramine - orlistat - topiramate - rimonabant |
- diethylproprion: adrenergic
- phentermine: adrenergic - mazindol: adrenergic - sibutramine: serotoninergic - orlistat: blocks absorption of fat - topiramate: Na+ channel blocker - rimonabant: canabinoid receptor antagonist |
