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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Replication of bacterial chromosome is initiated where?
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The cytoplasmic membrane.
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In prokaryotic cell division, each ______ _________ is anchored to a different portion of the membrane
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daughter chromosome
(As the membrane grows, the daughter chromosomes are pulled apart) |
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What is the extension of the membrane that grows from opposite sides toward the center of the cell and divides the daughter bacteria into two cells?
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A septum
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Incomplete cleavage of septum can cause the bacteria to do what?
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remain linked, forming chains (e.g. Streptococci) or clusters (e.g. Staphylococci)
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transpeptidases are required for?
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Cell division
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The basic elements of organic macromolecules required for Bacterial growth are...
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S,C,H,N,O,P
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The Major ions required for Bacterial growth are...
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Na, Cl, Ca, K, Mg, Fe
Major: Naming Cakes is Fickle Na Mg Ca K Fe Cl |
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The Minor ions ions required for Bacterial growth are...
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Mn, Zn, Co, Cu, Se
Minor second cousin Mn Se Co Cu Zn |
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chemoorganotrophs are another name for...
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Heterotrophs
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Mesophiles grow well between what temperatures?
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25C and 40C
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Thermophiles grow between what temperatures?
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55C and 80C
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These bacteria grow at temperatures below 20C
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Psychrophiles
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What is the equation for generation time?
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g = t/n
g = generation time (doubling time) t = time interval (e.g. hours or minutes) n = number of generations (number of times the cell population doubles during the time interval) |
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What equation is used to calculate the number of bacteria at a certain time during growth?
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Nt = No x 2^n
Nt = number of bacteria at time t No = number of bacteria at time 0 n = number of generations during time interval |
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What is μ in relation to bacterial growth parameters?
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μ = instantaneous growth rate constant
μ = ln2/g = 0.69/g (where g = generation time) |
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Direct microscopic count to measure bacterial growth is best used for ?
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Enumeration of bacteria in milk or cellular vaccines
Cannot distinguish living from nonliving cells |
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Viable cell count (colony count)
to measure bacterial growth is best used for ? |
Enumeration of bacteria in milk, foods, soil, water, laboratory cultures, etc
Very sensitive if plating conditions are optimal |
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Turbidity measurement
to measure bacterial growth is best used for ? |
Estimations of large numbers of bacteria in clear liquid media and broths
Fast and nondestructive, but cannot detect cell densities less than ~10^7 cells per ml |
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Measurement of total Nitrogen or protein to measure bacterial growth is best used for ?
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Measurement of total cell yield from very dense cultures
Only practical in a lab setting |
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Measurement of biochemical activity e.g. O2 uptake, CO2 production, ATP production, etc to measure bacterial growth is best used for ?
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Microbiological assays
Requires a fixed standard to relate chemical activity to cell mass and/or cell numbers |
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Measurement of dry weight or wet weight of cells or volume of cells after centrifugation
to measure bacterial growth is best used for ? |
more sensitive than total N or total protein measurements
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Maximum rate of DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases is what?
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~1000bp/sec
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bidirectional replication takes about 39 minutes to fully synthesize a daughter chromosome. In rich growth media, E.coli can have a doubling time of 15- 20 minutes. How is this possible?
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Daughter chromosome is being replicated before it is even finished being replicated itself.
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What are the 6 major groups Microorganisms can be classified into?
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Algae
Protozoa Fungi Bacteria Archaea Viruses |
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Bacteria usually range in size from ____ to _____
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0.2um; 5 um
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Viruses usually range in size from ____ to ____.
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20 nm; 250 nm
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A family is a group of related ______
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genera
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True/False?
Biotyping is the most common method used to identify bacteria |
True
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Molecular probes, used to detect organisms directly in clinical specimens, are particularly useful for what?
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rapid detection of slow growing organisms such as mycobacteria and fungi
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How are archaea bacteria different from eubacteria?
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cell walls, cell membranes, and ribosomal RNA are different
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan |
