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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of lower urinary tract diseases?
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obstructive
non-obstructive in non obstructive disease the prioritized differential diagnosis is Dog: UTI urolithiasis (+/-infection) neoplasm Cats: idiopathic systitis urolithiasis |
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When is radiographing the Lower urinary tract indicated?
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calculus
obstructions mass LUT signs do not resolve |
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T/F urinary bladder size is variable
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true
bladder size depends on how much urine is present can base bladder size based on just radiographs -can a catheter be passed -can the bladder be palpated |
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Where is the trigone of the bladder?
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trigone is a small area where ureters and uretha open
at the neck of the urinary bladder |
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Is the urethra visible in dogs?
cats? |
not typicall visible in dogs
often seen in cats as a linear -conventional lateral views not accurate opacity between the bladdder neck and pubis |
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Where is the normal urinary bladder located?
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intra-abdominal
occasionally in the pelvic canal large segment in the pelvis has been associated with incontinence |
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What calculi are radiopague?
Non-radiopaque? |
phosphate
oxalate cystine urate |
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What are causes of gas in the urinary gladder?
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iatrogenic
pathologiusually due to glucose fermentation in diabetic animals can occur in absence of glucoseuria - |
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What do cystographs detect?
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wall thickness and mucosa
there are positive, negative and double contrast studies available this method has been replaced by US |
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What are the consequences of over-distension in a cystograph?
under-distension? |
obliterate urachal diverticulum or mural thickening
mas cause iatrogenc trauma may lead to misdiagnosis due to adjacent viscera deforming normal bladder shape can make wall appear erroneously thick and irregular |
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What are indications for UB contrast?
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reasons for chronic or recurring LUT disease
-persistent urachus assess bladder intergrety identify bladder location -perineal hernia -displaced bladder non-opaque calculi |
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What is a positive contrast systolgraphy indicated for?
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detecting bladder tupture
confirming location of urinary bladder space occupying luminal mass urachal diverticulum the positive contrast medium can hide small lesions -can dilute the contrast medium can do a double contrast study after positive contrast study |
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Where can you find filling defects in the urinary bladder?
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central in all views and likely a free object
-stone -clot peripheral in at least on view -likely a wall lesion -some stones adhere to wall |
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When is a negative contrast cystography indicated?
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rarely used anymore to assess bladder
can be used with an EU to evaluates ectopic ureters -risk of fatal air embolism - use CO2 or do use this procedure at all |
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What is a double contrast study?
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inject small volume of pasitve contrast medium
inflate bladder with negative contrast medium -used to see filling defects due to free objects -filling defects due to mural lesions will not be in the center of the contrast pool in all views -multiple views are necessary |
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What is a urethrogram used for?
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main indication is to detect urethral obstructions or urethral rupture
most frequently performed in male dogs |
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What conditions are diagnosed using an urethrogram?
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rupture
stricture tumor |
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What are complications of contrast procedures in lower urinary tract?
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-trauma from improper catherterization
-air embolus -knotted or broken urinary catheters |
