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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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India growth background |
Stage 3 of Rostows model
HDI of 0.609 (recent)
Population of 1.1 billion
Started in 1990s
Achieved a growth rate of 7% every year since 1997 |
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Social reasons for growth in India |
Large pop (1.1billion) 2 million english speakers graduate each year TNCs cheap, skilled labour (IMB employed 100,000 in India in 2010) |
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Economic reasons for growth in India |
Use on new technologies like the internet for call centres (BT broadband) Cheap labour (wages up to 70% lower than the UK) High tech brands (google) moved R&D to india to develop core search engines (quaternary) Sustainable as they are in the tertiary and quaternary business rather than secondary (less pollution as well) |
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Political reasons for growth in India |
"Electric city" built to become a hub for high tech firms who receive tax breaks |
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China growth background |
Stage 4 of Rostows model HDI of 0.727 Population of 1.4 billion Growth started in 1970s Achieved a growth rate of .......... |
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Social reasons for growth in China |
$250 million spent by government on roads and infrastructure Prolonged spending on health and education (50 years) |
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Economic reasons for growth in China |
Special "export processing zones (EPZs) with no tax to stimulate FDI (generated $30 billion in 2009) Became the "workshop" of the world due to cheap labour Makes 55% of the worlds shoes |
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Political reasons for growth in China |
"open door policy" with "Special Economic Zones" Encouraged FDI to become the largest recipient of it in the world ($52 billion per year) |
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What have China done NOW to grow |
Started investing in other countries (UK nuclear power up to $30 billion) Sinopec is the 2nd largest TNC by revenue |
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Background of the Asian Tigers |
Honk Kong (0.910), Singapore (0.912), Taiwan (0.882), South Korea (0.898) Singapore and Hong Kong above the UK (0.907) Growth in 1960s Achieved a growth rate of 7.5% every year for 3 decades |
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Social reasons for growth in the Asian Tigers |
Education - by 1965 all four nations had universal primary education - South Korea had 88% secondary school enrolment in 1987 - Women in education decreased birth rate |
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Economic reasons for growth in the Asian Tigers |
Move to tertiary sector as now 68.9% of population employed there Cheap labour for manufacturing in early stages Growth of domestic firms to become world recognised TNCs (Hyundai, Samsung) |
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Political reasons for growth in the Asian Tigers |
Protectionism in the form of embargoes to allow the growth of domestic firms (used US aid to fund this) Kept changing the tax laws to keep it attractive for TNCs |
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Malawi social problems |
In 2005 it was ranked 165th out of 177 in HDI In 2005 40% of pop required emergency food support Very densely populated at 115 people per km^2 Fertility rate of 5.7 1 million people are HIV positive Life expectancy is 54 years |
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Malawi economic problems |
GDP per capita very low at $230
Economy reliant on agriculture which is unreliable and susceptible to world shocks (84.5% of workforce)
By repaying $440 million of debt to USA by 2006 made them eligible for $2 billion in debt relief which could then be spent on capital to boost the economy |
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Impacts of economic growth on Mumbai |
97% of Mumbai's pop live in high pollution zones 20 million working days are lost per year due to Bronchitis, Asthma and other pollution related diseases 75% of sewage is discharged untreated in to local waterways and coastlines |
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Local Environmental Sustainability Projects |
The New York Avenue Green Infrastructure Assessment Increase trees and green space Permeable pavements |
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Env Sustainability vs Econ sustainability |
Rich countries more aware and able Poor countries unaware or unable Rich countries may feel responsible Poor countries feel effects due to TNCs |
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Spacial Organisation of Coca Cola |
Headquarters - Midtown Georgia, high skilled, founded there
R&D - recently moved from USA to Shanghai with new $90 million centre due to high skilled labour who specialise in new technologies
Regional HQ - 50% outside the US to make it more efficient
Production - all around the world shown by 94% of the worlds population recognising the logo and 70% of sales being outside the US |
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Social impacts of CocaCola |
- Invest in 10 different countries in Africa in community schemes to help the poor - Working conditions very harsh (up to 20x lower pay in India than UK) - Lack of water as Coke is "drinking India dry" and within 9 years of them being there, the water table has dropped by 10m |
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Economic impacts of CocaCola |
- Jobs created directly and indirectly through multiplier effect - Microfinance scheme to provide 4000 vietnamese women with training and equipment to work - Invested $1.5 billion into the Russian economy for training and construction of manufacturing plants - Profits are returned to shareholders so not much actually goes to host nation |
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Environmental impacts of CocaCola |
- It is used as a cheap pesticide in Pradesh - Their "sludge" waste gets dumped around the plant premises which is deemed to be hazardous waste - Putting a water stress on the area resulting in bad yields for farmers |
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Sustainable tourism: reality |
Energy conservation and waste minimisation - Paradise bay generate 180,000kWh per year but use 120,000kWh, better than zero carbon Ecotourism growing in popularity - Tataquara Lodge in Brazil with, locals employed, local foods, local materials |
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Sustainable tourism: myth |
Always unsustainable - Butler's life cycle model shows it will always be unsustainable in the long run as shown by Blackpool's pleasure beach Mass tourism cheapest for producers and consumers - Kenya receives 1.5 million tourists per year so damage to safari parks (Mombasa NP) |
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Sustainable tourism: myth or reality conclusion |
In the future likely to become more of a reality as increased awareness through education and better technologies May be difficult in the short run as LEDCs' main objective is profit and economic growth and so they don't go for the more expensive, ecotourism |
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Positive consequences of the EU |
Economic - 12% increase in trade after 1 year in the EU - USA 5% rise in GDP after NAFTA - No tariffs so increase world competitiveness - Helps local businesses (CAP) with external tariffs Political - Increased peace and political stability Social - Free movement of people so holiday + pension Environmental - CO2 emission laws put in place |
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Negative consequences of the EU |
Economic - Restricts outside economies's ability to receive FDI (Africa same size economy as spain yet receives just 0.2% of global FDI - trade is 20x better than aid (christian aid) for development - "brain drain" from eastern european countries - all states must follow eu monetary policy which has made greece worse off as they have different objectives Social - Increased immigration so overpopulation Cultural - Loss of culture/identity |
