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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are olfactory placodes and what are they associated with?
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paired structures forming olfactory epithelium in the nose, associated with telencephalon (anterior section of the forebrain comprising the cerebrum and related structures. ).
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What do the Epibrachial (above harynx) placodes contribute?
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Neurons to sensory ganglia CN 7-10.
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Where is the Frontal Prominence, and what is it filled with?
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Frontal prominance is cranial to forebrain, and is filled with condensed mesenchyme.
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What's located on the surface of the frontal prominance?
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olfactory placode
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What are the Pharyngeal Arches?
what is the outer and inner surface lined with? |
bar-like accumulations of mesenchyme located on either side of the pharynx of the embryo. The outer surface of he arch is lined with ectoderm and the inner surface is lined with endoderm.
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What are Pharyngeal Clefts (grooves)?
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Ectoderm-lined invaginations or grooves between the pharyngeal arches.
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What are Pharyngeal Pouches, and what are they lined with?
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evaginations of the pharynx that extend laterally toward the pharyngeal clefts. The pouches are lined with endoderm.
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What is a closing plate, and what is it's lining?
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The lumen of the cleft and pouch are separated by a Closing Plate (pharyngeal membrane). The closing plate consists of an inner layer of endoderm, and outer layer of ectoderm and an intervening layer of mesenchyme.
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What structures are found within a pharyngeal arch? What are they derived from?
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The structures that develop within each pharyngeal arch include muscles, bones, arteries, nerves and connective tissue (fascia). Except for the nerves, these structures are derived from mesenchyme that migrated from its origin to form the arch.
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Where is the mesenchyme derived from?
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The mesenchyme is derived from two major sources, Neural Crest Ectomesenchyme and Paraxial Mesoderm.
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What is the first pharyngeal arch made into?
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Maxillary (cranial) and mandibular (caudal) processes.
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What 2 pharyngeal arches fuse across the midline?
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Arch 1 and 2, visible by day 22.
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What are the MOST SIGNIFICANT structures involved in head and neck development?
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The Pharyngeal Arches.
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What separates the pharynx from the oral cavity?
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Oral (oropharyngeal) membrane, area of ectoderm and endoderm fusion. ruptures around day 24-26.
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What is a Stromodeum?
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the primative oral cavity
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Is there a coelom in the head?
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NO!
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The second pharyngeal arch contributes to the creation of the...
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hyoid bone
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mesenchyme is
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embryonic connective tissue
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What is the only pharyngeal cleft and closing plate that remain into adulthood?
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Ear = pharyngeal cleft
Closing plate = eardrum |
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Placodes derived from ______ tissue
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ectoderm
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Pharynnx derived from _________
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endoderm
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frontal prominance derived from _______
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ectoderm
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neural crest derived from ___________
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mesoderm
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Pharyngeal clefts derived from __________
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ectoderm
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Condensed and Loose mesenchyme is derived from________
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neural crest.
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mesenchyme condensation will become.....
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cartilage
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loose mesenchyme will become
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connective tissue
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paraxial mesoderm will form....
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connective muscle
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Some of the neural crest derived mesenchyme condenses to form....
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a cartilage bar within the arch (None forms in the maxillary portion of arch 1).
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The skeletal muscle of the arch is formed from the ...
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paraxial mesoderm
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True/False Each arch has a specific cranial nerve that is associated with it.
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TRUE - BOOYAH!
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2. Where is the primitive oral cavity in relation to the pharynx?
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The oral cavity forms in front of (ventral to) the pharynx. Elongation of the subdivisions of the first pharyngeal arch and the frontal process create the boundaries for the primitive oral cavity.
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What is the oral membrane?
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The oral cavity is separated from the pharynx by the Oral Membrane
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What does first arch cartilage create? (Meckel's)
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mandible, incus, malleus
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What does second arch cartilage create? Reichart's
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styloid, process, stapes
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What does the third arch catilage create?
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Greater cornu and the inferior part of the body of the Hyoid.
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what do the forth and sixth arches fuse to form the...
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laryngeal cartilages
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What muscles does the first pharyngeal arch form?
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muscles of mastication
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What muscles does the second pharyngeal arch form?
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stapedius, stylohyoid, POSTERIOR. belly of digastric, auricular, and muscles of facial expression
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What muscles does the third pharyngeal arch form?
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Stylopharengeus
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What muscles does the forth pharyngeal arch form?
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cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, constrictors of pharynx.
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What muscles does the sixth pharyngeal arch form?
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intrinsic muscles of the larynx
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What CN does the first pharyngeal arch form?
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I
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What CN does the second pharyngeal arch form?
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VII facial
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What CN does the third pharyngeal arch form?
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IX glossopharyngeal
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What CN does the forth and sixth pharyngeal arch form?
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X VAGUS!
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Each Pharyngeal arch contains what components?
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1. Mesenchyme Condensation (MC) -> cartilage
2. Loose Mesenchyme (LM) 3. Paraxial Mesoderm (PM) 4. Aortic Arch (AA) 5. Cranial Nerve (CN) (MC hammer Lost Money, Paying Many, Audacious Artists, who did Cocaine'nNicotine) |
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The cervical sinus is an overgrowth of ..... and it eventually disappears.
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Cleft 2
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Abnormal Cleft:
Duplication of first cleft |
create blind pouch or a fistula run from external meatus to cheek.
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Abnormal Cleft:
Cervical Cyst (brachial cleft) |
Doc Wagner FAV!
remnant of embryoloical cervical sinus, accounts for 2% of all nonthyroid neck masses. |
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What part of Arch 1 contains cartilage?
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Mandibular
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Abnormal Cleft:
Cervical fistula (branchial) |
involves 2nd cleft, tracts into the tonsilar fossa
involves 3rd cleft, it tracks into the superior part of the larynx where it pierces the thyrohyoid membrane. |
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Abnormal Cleft:
Persistant Cervical Sinus |
opens onto the lateral neck anterior to the sternocleido mastoid muscle.
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If it existed, where would the oral membrane exist in an adult?
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If it was present in the adult, the oral membrane would be located in the throat between the palatoglossal and paltopharyngeal folds.
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What is Craniopharyngioma?
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Craniopharyngiomas are tumors that form from remnants of the hypophysial diverticulum. They usually form in or superior to the sella turcica. The tumor can compress the optic chiasma causing visual problems and headaches.
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What does the tongue from?
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The mesenchyme filled swellings located on the floor of the pharynx.
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Three swellings derived from arch 1 create the body of the tongue, and they are...
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Lateral Lingual Swellings (2) and the Tuberculum Impar (median tongue bud)
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The Epiglottis is formed from
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primarily arch 4 - the Caudal part of the hypopharyngeal swelling.
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The hypopharyngeal (bracheal) Swelling primarily from arch 3 forms the
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root of the tongue. (think CN IX)
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Skeletal muscle of the tongue except for Palatoglossus is derived from
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occipital somite myotomes.
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T/F: The lateral lingual swellings of the tongue deal with the Ant. 1/3rd of the tongue and are related to CN V
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True
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The Tuberculum Impar provides for TASTE SENSAAAAATION of the anterior 1/3rd of the tongue.
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TRUE relating to CN VII
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what is Ankyloglossia?
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failure of apoptosis to free tongue from extensive attachment to floor of mouth. aka tongue-tied
(ANKylo = ANChored down!) |
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hypertropy (macroglossia) or microglossia or incomplete fusion of primordia (bifid tongue)
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associated with Down Syndrome and hypothyroidism.
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The Frontal Prominance results in elevations - the floor of the Lateral Nasal Process and Medial nasal Process is the
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Nasal Pit
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The lateral width of the face increases as a result of arch XXX
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1
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Dacryostenosis
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Failure of canalization of nasolacrimal duct
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Merging of the Medial Nasal Process results in the Intermaxillary Segment which is made up of
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the upper lip, incisor bridge for the upper jaw, and the inward exrension of the primary palate
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What does complete nasal development depend on?
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Normal forebrain development.
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When the Maxillary Process fuses with the Medial nasal process, we close off the nasal pit, separating it from the oral cavity, and it's called
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the Nasal Fin.
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Choanae
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openings between nasal cavity and pharynx
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Choanal Atresia
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absence of one or both of primative choanae due to obstruction, usually female, and associated with other facial anomalies.
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Bilateral Choanal Atresia
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IMMEDIATE respiratory distress of the infant.
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How does a median cleft lip form?
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Medial Nasal processes fail to fuse (hare lip) where the philtrum is usually created
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How does a uni/bilateral cleft lip form?
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the Maxillary process fuses with the medial nasal process.
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How does the Oblique Facial Cleft form?
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the Maxillary process fuses with the mandibular process.
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Cleft palate
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1/2000 - 1/2500 births
more frequently females comes with cleft lip usually |
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Causes of cleft palate
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abnormal tongue development
cysts - epithelial remnants of palate fusion, which rupture and reopen palatal cleft drugs like glucocorticoids interfere with elevation of palatal shelves. |
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1st Arch Syndrome:
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis aka treacher collins syndrome |
Autosomal Dominant
downward slant palbebrae fissure clefts derived from arch 1 deafness and lower lid coloboma |
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1st Arch Syndrome:
Maxillary Hypoplasia (Crouzon) |
hypoplasia of midface area with hyper telorism
coronal suture synostosis and maoocclusion FGF gene mutation - receptor 2, chromosome 10 |
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Mandibular hypoplasia (Pierre robin Sequence)
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small jaw
glossoptosis (forward displacement of tongue) difficulty breathing, cleft palate |
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CHARGE Association (4 of the following 6 anomalies are present)
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Coloboma
Heart defects choanal Atresia Retardation Genital hypoplasia Ear anomolies |
