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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Etiological view of governmental and corporate deviance:
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- Economic: source of governmental corruption is the high expense to be a government official these days.
- Conflict—interactionist: misbehavior by government officials is culturally acceptable, there are readily available neutralization techniques supported by tradition, directed toward achieving personal and organization goals. |
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Etiological view of homosexuality:
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a) Lifestyle - some people believe it is a choice, something that can be changed
b) biological- medicalization issues No evidence that homosexuality is neither related to mental disorder nor is it a sickness of physical abnormality. It is a constructed phenomenon shaped by environment and experiences. Not everyone who engages in homosexual behavior labels themselves as gay. |
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Etiological view of prostitution:
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- prostitution has the function of protecting society at large because a sex-crazed person who would normally go with proper men/women would go for a prostitute, thus protecting the conventional family. It’s also economic in that common prostitutes have relatively few occupational alternatives. It grants these women substantial income when they have no other options.
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Three methods of punishment to shape deterrence:
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Swiftness
Severity Certainty |
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methods of punishment to shape deterrence: Certainty
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the more certain one is of being punished, the more likely it is that the person won’t break the rules. Need to increase likelihood that if we do something bad, we WILL be punished. Surveillance is increasing this mechanism.
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methods of punishment to shape deterrence: Severity
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law of criminal justice trend dynamics states there is a flaw in the severity mechanism; as you raise severity of punishment, you decrease the likelihood that the punishment will actually occur.
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methods of punishment to shape deterrence: Swiftness
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-punish immediately after breaking rule—would be effective but the truth is that most people don’t get caught, or if they are punished, it’s long after the actual rule breaking occurs.
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General deterrence
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The idea that punishing people acts as an object lesson
Ex. He got in trouble for smoking marijuana and I don’t want that to happen to me |
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Specific deterrence
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Specific deterrence
Behavioral notion Have people attach bad stuff to that behavior in their own particular lives Ex. Child doesn’t cross the street without telling his mother because if he does he will get paddled |
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Behavioral effects of exposure to pornography
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Catharsis- erotic materials are good because they help blow off steam
Imitation model- see things in the media and engage in it in their real lives |
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Research on Pornography
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- Sex offenders are less likely to be turned on by porn, more likely to view it with disgust
- Not more likely to be exposed when young - Do find that more likely to come from sexually repressive religious backgrounds |
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Legal attempts to control pornography
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Roth Decision
Miller vs California SLAPS test |
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Roth Decision
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material is not obscene if it has redeeming social value
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Miller vs California
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1973
Specified that obscenity judge is the local community |
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SLAPS test
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Material is obscene if its taken as a whole and determined to be lacking serious, literary, artistic, political, scientific value
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Obscenity
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legal definition- making a distinguish between materials that are obscene and not
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Medical model (disease, essentialist) of mental disorder
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talking about it as if its a disease, similar to biological diseases, pills are used to change the chemistry of the brain, making people feel better
- mental disorder seen as a brain disease - called into question during warfare; battle disorder- people can behave oddly because of horrifying experiences - says mental illness is literally an illness due to biophysiological disorders- very controversial - says the individual is sick- not a social problem such as fault of the family, it is situated in the individual - less socially costly - provides hope because if ill can be cured by medication essentialists are interested in the etiology and epidemiology of mental disorder - the medical model is the most extreme version of essentialism |
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Constructionist model of mental disorder
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the same psychological illnesses are not found everywhere, society constructs what they want to believe are illnesses
psychiatric communities have the license (power) to label you as mentally ill or mentally disordered - Residual rules- commonplace understandings you aren’t taught - The constructionist are more concerned with the social enterprise of mental disorder labeling and treatment than the condition itself - What counts is how what is seen as mental disorder is judged and treated by professionals and laypersons - The labeling theory argues that there really is such a thing as being crazy; although the label creates the condition, the condition becomes concretely real |
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the medical model of essentialist view of mental disorder
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- it emphasizes the intrapsychic forces in mental disorder, that is, its an internal condition within the psyche of the disordered person
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Residual rules
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- everyday rules that we don't learn, but know anyway
- Through residual rules, we come to learn who are mentally disordered - If people violate them you get defined as odd. - When you violate these rules they may be labeled as mentally disordered especially when behavior becomes more frequent, severe, public- has an increased likelihood to be defined as mentally ill. |
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Basic stages of prostitution's career
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- Research shows that prostitutes typically come from families that are not particularly involved and have early casual sexual experience (many report being sexually assaulted).
- They typically move on to occasionally trading sex for money or other valuables (they often live in communities in which this is common and relatively accepted) but they do not define themselves as - Move to more frequent sex work activity, learn the motives and rationales that support the work, come to incorporate commercial sexual activities as an element of self identity, and commit to "the life." - Economics is of central importance, they are rarely "trapped" or "seduced" into sex work, and there is frequently a history of other personal and behavioral problems. - Important to realize that simply trading sex for something of value does not necessarily mean that one is identified by the self or by others as a "prostitute." |
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Three general categories of sexual deviance (variance)
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Tolerated sexual variance
Asocial sexual variance Structured sexual variance |
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sexual deviance: Tolerated sexual variance
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- Normal sexual deviance, formally disapproved of, but engaged in by majority of the population
- Ex. Masturbation, pre-marital sex, oral sex, anal sex |
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sexual deviance: Asocial sexual variance
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- Involve a lone individual as the perpetrator of activity
- Widely condemned - Ex. Incest, child molestation, sexual assault, father-daughter molestation most common in upper class |
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sexual deviance: Structured sexual variance
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- Homosexuality
- Has been institutionalized, stigma now going away - Constructionist perspective doesn’t deny that for some there is a genetic component, but instead emphasis that sexuality is constructed |
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Social control
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efforts to ensure conformity to a norm
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Internal (subjective) social control
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- Operates through the process of socialization, by learning and adopting the norms of the society or a particular group or collectivity within the society.
- When the norms of society are accepted as valid, they can be said to be internalized. |
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External social control
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- Coercive and repressive (by means of rewards and punishments, aka sanctions), it relies on punishment and force, external social control attempts to bring us back into line. Most sociologists of deviance focus on external social control rather than internal.
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Formal social control
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- authority is the most efficient and effective source of social control and we learn about it through power in the face to face world
- family, religion, school teaches us authority early in life to practice social control school teaches you a hidden curriculum and participate in student government allows us to make decisions - Agents of formal social control act not as individuals with their own personal feelings about whether behavior is wrong or right, but as occupants of specific statuses in a specific bureaucratic organization, that is, the criminal justice system, |
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Informal social control
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- Takes place in interpersonal interaction between and among people who are acting on their own, in an unofficial capacity.
- They act to remind someone that his or her behavior upsets or annoys us. - we exercise social control in how we present ourselves - ex. Shunning, exclusion, gossip, criticism, shame, disrespect- effective methods of social control - very little deviance in little societies (high context societies) where no one breaks the rules |
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Sex in America Survey
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- Findings- sexual behavior of most adults in the us is very conventional- vast majority of 18-59 has had only one sexual partner within the past year, two times a week.
- Our sex lives are deeply embedded socially, we meet our partners through our friendship networks, can influence our choice in partners - 3 different types of views: 1. reproductionist 2. recreationists 3. relationist |
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Semiformal social control
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huge territory of noncriminal, nonpenal bureaucratic social control, administered by the government, which attempts to deal with the troublesome behavior, of persons under their authority. These prefessional controllers do not have the power of arrest, but they can make recommendations to agents of the *criminal justice system that may have bearing on arrest and incarceration.
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Formal and informal social control in conflict
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- when norms (informal) and regulations (formal) match up then formal is unnecessary because informal takes care of it
- when formal control (laws) and informal (norms) match up then laws are violated we make decisions within the context of situations - ex. Prohibition of marijuana |
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Formal social control
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- interactions are very important in social control, but behind authority there is cohesion
power and the use of force generates resistance- very inefficient - authority is the most efficient and effective source of social control and we learn about it through power in the face to face world - family, religion, school teaches us authority early in life to practice social control school teaches you a hidden curriculum and participate in student government allows us to make decisions - Agents of formal social control act not as individuals with their own personal feelings about whether behavior is wrong or right, but as occupants of specific statuses in a specific bureaucratic organization, that is, the criminal justice system, |
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Informal social control
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– takes place in interpersonal interaction between and among people who are acting on their own, in an unofficial capacity.
- They act to remind someone that his or her behavior upsets or annoys us. - we exercise social control in how we present ourselves - ex. Shunning, exclusion, gossip, criticism, shame, disrespect- effective methods of social control - very little deviance in little societies (high context societies) where no one breaks the rules |
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Sex in America survey four facts
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1. 80% of adults have had only one or zero sexual partners in the last year
2. adults overwhelmingly have sex with a partner who is similar in characteristics to themselves 3.Behavior changed with the onset of AIDS 4. Unprotected vaginal sex leaves a 1 in 500 chance of getting AIDS |
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Relationship SES and mental disorder
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- social class and mental disorder had been studied most often.
- Most commonly used indicators to measure SES are: income, occupational prestige, and education. - Mental disorder is very closely related to SES: the higher the SES, the lower th rate of mental disorder: the lower the SES, the higher the rate of mental disorder. - People at bottom: more likely to suffer form psychiatric distress, especially schizophrenia. - Top of class: obsessive-compulsive neuroses, mood disorder. - Cross-culturally studied: schizophrenia is significantly and strikingly more likely in the lower SES |
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Four explanations for Relationship SES and mental disorder
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1) types of disorder
2) constructionist explanation 3) Greater stress experienced by persons located in lower SES 4) social selection/ drift hypothesis. |
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Relationship SES and mental disorder 4) social selection/ drift hypothesis.
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Social class is a consequence rather than a cause of mental disorder. Mentally disordered are incapable of achieving a higher position on the SES hierarchy because they are mentally disordered.
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Relationship SES and mental disorder 3) Greater stress experienced by persons located in lower SES
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Economic deprivation, poverty, occupational instability, and unemployment are strongly related to psychological impairment. These factors might become to much and a person therefore will break with reality
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Relationship SES and mental disorder 1) types of disorder
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the kinds of disorder exhibited by lower-status person are more likely to come to the authorities than the kinds of disorders exhibited by middle- and upper-status persons. Lower status persons are less likely to attribute their problems of a private physician, because of fear of stigma, therefore they come to attention of psychiatric authorities as a result of referral by the police or a social worker. This explanation focuses on how certain conditions, differentially distributed by social class, interest with the social structure.
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Relationship SES and mental disorder 2) constructionist explanation
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inverse relationship is due to class bias and the labeling process. Middle-class psychiatrists find lower-class behavior troublesome and are more likely to label it disordered thatn the behavior of middleclass persons. Typically, the lower-class person comes to psychiatric attention as a result of being troublesome to, and being reported by, other lower-class persons.
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Organizational Deviance
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Rule breaking that is:
- Widespread within the organization itself - Supported by internal operating norms - Systematically structured and directed by those in power; Provides a buffer for the person at top (Bureaucracies) - Against the interest of the larger society and once public finds out they are irritated - Has a liberal perspective |
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Violations of Expectations
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legitimate organizations should act in a manner which doesn't harm the public interest. Instead, org deviance only thinks about the organizational members' interests.
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Individual Deviance
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white collar or occupational deviance, takes place within the context of their work, use of ones power and position to procure their own gains
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Iatrogenic consequence
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- problems caused by attempts to solve other problems. In the case of this course--attempts to solve the problems associated with rule-breaking
- caused by the diagnosis, manner, or treatment of a physician. More meds for all, jumping to diagnosis |
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"Law of Criminal Justice Thermodynamics"
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- Increase severity of punishment, decrease the likelihood of that law being applied, increasing the heat, decreasing the application
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"hydraulic" view of sexuality
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- Essentialist
- sees sex as a powerful drive, as natural, something all people are interested in sex is there; it exists prior to the human conscious - it is a natural force in the world that has to be reckoned with or grappled with - sex is an overpowering and dangerous drive that when repressed can result in dangerous behavior, as a natural force being channeled it can lead to being very productivity |
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"Constructionist" views of sexuality
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- no good or bad ways of understanding sex, it is what you make of it. No intrinsically deviant sexual behaviors
- They argue that the meaning of sexuality vary from person to person, from setting to setting, from one social circle to another, and from one culture or society to another. |
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"abominations of the body"
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- Physical differences (stigma) that impact how people interact
- Achieved or ascribed |
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Stigma
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an attribute that is deeply discrediting to individuals, relationship between the attribute and stereotype
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Virtual social identity
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- Anticipations, that turn into demands, that we have about a person through their first appearances.
- The character that we input to the individual might better be seen as an imputation made in potential retrospect |
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Actual social identity
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The category and attributes he could in fact be proved to possess
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Plight of discredited
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when the stigmatized individual assumes his differentness is known about already or is evident on the spot
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Descreditable
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– the individual assumes it is neither known about by those present nor immediately perceivably be them
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3 Types of stigma
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1. Abominations of the body
2. Blemishes of individual character 3. tribal stigma |
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Types of stigma 2. Blemishes of individual character
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perceived as weak will, domineering or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty, these being inferred from a known record of, for example, mental disorder.
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Types of stigma 3. tribal stigma
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race, nation, and religion, these can be transmitted through lineages and equally contaminate all members of a family.
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Stigma theory
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an ideology to explain his inferiority and account for the danger he represents, sometimes rationalizing an animosity based on other differences, such as those of social class.
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Stigma- management strategies (individually):
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1. Correction
2. indirect correction 3. Break with reality 4. Use stigma for secondary gains 5. See the trials he has suffered as a blessing in disguise |
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Stigma- management strategies: 5. See the trials he has suffered as a blessing in disguise
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especially because of what it is felt that suffering can teach one about life and people
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Stigma- management strategies:
3. Break with reality |
obstinately attempt to employ an unconventional interpretation of the character of his social identity
Affections of person’s sense of self and identity |
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Stigma- management strategies: 2. indirect correction
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devoting much private effort to the mastery of areas of activity ordinarily felt to be closed on incidental and physical ground to one with his shortcoming. For example, a lame pwerson who learns to swim, ride play tennis, or fly an airplane, or the blind person who becomes expert at skiing and mountain climbing.
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Stigma- management strategies:
1. Correction |
direct attempt to correct what he sees as the objective basis of his failing, as when a physically deformed person undergoes plastic surgery, a blind person eye treatment, an illiterate remedial education, a homosexual psychotherapy.
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Stigma- management strategies (mixed):
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7. Avoidance from both parties
8. Insecurity from stigmatized individual 9. Stigmatized individual being self-conscious and calculating about the impression he is making, to a degree, and in areas of conduct which he assumes other are not. 10. Usual scheme of interpretation are undermined 11. Minor failings or incidental impropriety may, he feels, be interpreted as a direct expression of his stigmatized difference 12. when the stigmatized person’s failing can be perceieved by our merely directing attention to him 13. defensive cowering in any mixed social situation 14. hostile bravo in any mixes social situation |
