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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deviance definition
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a violation of social norms
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William Sumner
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1903 created mores, folkways, and laws
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mores
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norms based on broad social morals, if broken, a more serious social condemnation results
ex: fidelity in relationship |
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folkways
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simple everyday norms based on customs, traditions, or etiquette; informal sanctions as result
ex: chivalry, personal space, manors |
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laws
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strongest social norm; supported by codified social sanctions (jail time, ticket, etc) to keep people from committing these acts
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the ABC's of deviance
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attitudes, behaviors, conditions
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attitudes (ABC's)
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achieved statuses based on beliefs or convictions
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behaviors (ABC's)
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mostly achieved statuses based on outward actions; may also be ascribed
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conditions (ABC's)
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mostly ascribed statuses that are acquired from birth
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positive deviance
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altruism, charisma, innovation, supra-conformity, innate characteristics
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altruism
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self-sacrificing
ex: good samaritans |
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charisma
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leaders outside of the norm who have followers and eventually whose views are adopted
ex: intellectuals, shamans, military leaders, prophets |
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innovation
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creative figures that profoundly impact the life of a culture
ex: music films, ben franklin, isaac newton |
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supra-conformity
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collective ecaluations of what behaviors 'ought' to be
ex: extreme moralists, A-students |
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innate characteristics
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subject to environmental conditions
ex: movie stars, pro athletes, based on ascribed status |
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process of deviance
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societal reaction to deviance is a complex social, cultural, and historical process based on shifting definitions; reactions and the deviance are mutually interrelated phenomenon
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auxiliary traits
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traits associated with the deviance
ex: slender, good looking people get promotions faster than those that are ugly |
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reaction process
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social reaction to event>norms>deviant label>social reaction to label>revised norms>more deviance
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prescriptive
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tells us what to do in society; normal behavior
ex: seat belts, traffic lights |
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proscriptive
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tell us what not to do
ex: batman costume warning label 'no flying ability' |
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the 'everyman'
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majority group in any society
ex: middle class white men |
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societal functions of norms
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chaos inhibitor; helps predict others' behavior
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control behavior
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most humans controlled by normative structure
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Durkheim
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father of sociology; thought society is made of morals (norms, values, laws) that we are taught to monitor their behavior; studied suicide; anomie
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functions of deviance
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boundary maintenance, group solidarity, innovation, tension reduction
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basic components of structural functionalism
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norms = necessary; deviance is functional; focus on consequences of behavioral patterns; focus on needs of the system; deviance is universal and persistent
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dysfunctional deviance
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universal forms of dysfunctional: incest, murder, violent crime
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manifest function of deviance
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deviance that is obvious or observable
ex: quakers, street criminals, physically challenged |
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latent function of deviance
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underlying/hidden effects of deviance
ex: robbing a house bc they are addicted to drugs; cheating on test |
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anomie
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sense of normlessness
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normative + weak bonds
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anomic - rules/norms are weak; society lacks regulatory constraints
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normative + strong bonds
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fatalistic - rigid and unflexable; group stagnates
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integrative + weak bonds
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egoistic - norms become ineffective in controling behavior; social control functional, weak bond between individual and group
ex: marijuana |
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integrative + strong bonds
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altruistic - group needs and significance override individual existence
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structual functionalism doesn't explain...
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conflict/competing group/class interests; assumes objective reality of norms
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normative structure
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regulatory function of society
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integrative function
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relation between individual and group
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symbolic interactionism basics
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definition of the situation; action based on meaning, meaning created through interaction, meaning constantly modified and interpreted; negotiated reality; focus on consequences of the act
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social learning theories general features
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kids not born with tendency to WANT to do bad- they dont know what bad is; deciancy seen as func of learning norms/values; w/o opportunities to learn behaviors related to deviancy, individuals would not become 'deviant'; focus on the process of becoming deviant
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differential association
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1. deviant behavior learned from surroundings;
2. interactions w/ others teach deviant behavior 3. learned deviance comes from IMMEDIATE environment; media = small role 4. learn why we do it and attitudes about it 5. learn it is in our favor to break norms 6. individual in a +/- environment will follow the ways surrounding them 7. persons involvement in deviant/good behavior dictated by frequency, duration, priority, and intensity; theoretical 8. learning deviant behavior not just imitation, but wanting to know HOW to do it |
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differential reinforcement
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learning involves rewards/punishments; we associate with groups who reward out behavior; learn rewarded behaviors as positive
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howard becker
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becoming a marijuana smoker
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becoming a marijuana smoker
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learning> socialization> subculture> identity
learn how to use the drug; learn to identify effect of drug; identify effect as pleasurable; 'handle' the drug; acquire the drug; neutralize impact of social control |
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labeling theory
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theorists explore how/why acts were defined as deviant and why others weren't; didn't see deviants as evil but as people who have a deviant status placed upon them by society; less emphasis on deviant acts, rather emphasize social reaction to them which forms the individuals view of themself; individual gets labeled as whore, theif, junkie, etc
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effects of labeling
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looking-glass self; self fulfilling prophecy
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goal of social conflict theorists
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explain deviance within economic and social contexts and show connections among social class, deviance, and social control
focus: relationship of personal of group power in controlling and defining deviance; power/control - deviance as a political process; creation/enforcement of law |
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willem bonger
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if wealth is unequally distributed and ppl believe wealth = superiority, then the inferior will be more deviant trying to attain wealth
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law and defining deviance is tool for ruling class
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control through institutions run by/for elite
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conflict theory
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strengths: shows how class conflict influences behavior
major premise: deviance = func of class conflict; def of what is deviant is controlled by people in power |
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structural conflict theory
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major premise: law designed to keep capitalist economic system
strengths: explains existence of white-collar crime and business control laws |
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instrumental conflict theory
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premise: criminals are revolutionaries; real crime is sexism, racism, profiteering
strengths: broadens definition of deviancy; explains historical development of law |
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Marxist theory
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premise: capitalism creates class conflict; crime = rebellion of lower class
strengths:relates economic structure and crime rates |
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radical feminist theory
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premise: capital system creates patriarchy, oppresses women
strengths: explains gender bias, violence against women, and repression |
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Goode's argument against social conflict theories
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not all conflict represents social or economic class; crime exists in socialist countries; punishment happens in capitalist and socialist countries
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social control theory - main question
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why DONT people commit crime and delinquency?
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Travis Hirschi
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most detailed description of modern social control theory; wrote 'causes of delinquency' in '69; thought low self control was NOT biological
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causes of low self control
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all born w/o self control; it is established in early childhood
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premise of social bond theory (social control theory)
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Hirschi thought deviancy occurs if individuals aren't properly socialized into establishing a strong bond to society
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4 elements that form the social bond (Hirschi)
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emo Attachment to significant others; Commitment - efforts toward conventional goals; Involvement - keeping busy at conventional activities; Belief - cognitive affirmation of conventional values
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Hirschi's update to social bond theory
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principal cause of deviant behaviors - ineffective child rearing produces people with low self-control
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external controls
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attachment, commitment, involvement
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internal controls
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belief
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sociological research
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research and theory go together; application of scientific method minimizes problems inherent with 'common sense'
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research model
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select topic; define problem; review literature; form hypothesis; choose research design; collect data; analyze results; share results
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values in research
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weber - sociology must be VALUE FREE; remain objective
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observational methods
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direct and indirect
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direct observational method
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behavior observed firsthand
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indirect observational method
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only EVIDENCE of behavior is observed
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participant (observational methods)
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researcher participates in activities
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non participant (observational methods)
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doesn't participate in group while observing
ex: drug cultures |
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overt (observational methods)
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ppl being observed are aware of presence and intentions
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covert (observational methods)
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not aware of presence and intentions
ex: white supremacy groups |
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inductive logic (observational methods)
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from data to theory
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deductive logic (observational methods)
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from theory to data
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exploratory (observational methods)
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find out relationships between variables
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problems with observational studies
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subject reactivity to being watched; 'going native' - getting too involved; sampleing issues - accurate representation?; ethical isssues
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moral panic
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ideologically constructed to construe a 'chemical bogeyman' as the core cause of a wide array of existing social problems
ex: prohibition - drinking caused crime, poverty, broken families, unemployment etc |
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folk devil
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the enemy in a moral panic; a group or thing that has been scapegoated as cause of social problems
ex: Harrison act banning cocaine when working class and blacks began to use cocaine |
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characteristics of a moral panic
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widespread; over reactive; volatile; hostile; largely irrational
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7 ingredients to moral panic
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1 kernel of truth
2 media magnification - ROUTINIZATION OF CARICATURE - making worst cases seem typical 3 moral entrepreneur - someone to take the idea and run with it 4 professional interest groups - groups claim expertise; motivation to support panic 5 historical context of conflict - for society to change, must be apprehension about its future 6 link deviant behavior to a 'dangerous class'; turns a threatening group into fold devil 7 scapegoat the action for many problems; most important step |
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rule creators
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Becker calls them 'crusading reformers'; usually already powerful/charismatic/resourceful person
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2 goals for the entrepreneur
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1 generate public awareness - see deviant behavior as threatening, so they construct the idea that laws and rules are necessary
2 bring about a moral conversion - convince others of their views |
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cultural impacts of status politics
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polarized symbolic moral universes
ex: smoking vs nonsmoking; assimilative reform; coercive reform |
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assimilative reform
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educate and lift the lower status group to the reformers 'higher' plane
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coercive reform
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deviants deny the moral and status superiority of the reformers universe, therefore needs to be controlled through law and force
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2 problems associated with rule enforcers
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must demonstrate the problem still exists
must show that they are effective |
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rule enforcers
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most of their position based on respect; attitude about problem is professional
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primary forces behind scares
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med profession, legislators, pharmaceutical prof, gov depts, scientists, religious leaders often have unrelated reasons for creating 'scares'
components include: economic, control, moralistic, and conformity reasons |
