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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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About ___% of birth defects are caused by environmental factors such as infection, radiation, and drugs
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10%
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_______ is an agent, which can cause a birth defect
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Teratogen
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Teratogen is usually something in
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the environment that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy
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Teratogen could be
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prescribed medication, a street drug, alcohol use, or a disease present in the mother
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Birth defects are known to occur in ______% of all newborns
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3-5%
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When does cleft lip and cleft palate develop?
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gestation
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A cleft is a
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fissure or opening
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One of the most common birth defects
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Neural Tube Defects
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Rate of Neural tube defects
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1:1000
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Neural Tube Defects are
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an opening in the spinal cord or brain that occurs very early in human development
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When does NTD develop
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3rd or 4th week of pregnancy
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How does NTD develop
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specialized cells on the dorsal side of the fetus begin to fuse and form neural tube but it does not close completely
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Spina Bifida caused by
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incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube
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Gastroschisis
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A cogenital defect characterized by a defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude
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Rate of gastroschisis
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1:10,000
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Gastroschisis rates have _____ in recent years
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increased
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Thalidomide was found to cause
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limb shortening
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What caused limb shortening in 1950-1960
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Thalidomide: sold to cure morning sickness
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Approximate amount of affected children from Thalidomide
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10-20000
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Hypospadias
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urethral meatus which is located along the underside rather than the tip of a penis
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In minor or distal hypospadias the meatus may be located
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on the underside of the penis
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Cryptorchidism
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the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.
Also known as undescended testes |
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What causes birth defects
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Genetic
Nutritional Infections Radiation Meds Toxins |
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Gene-environment interactions example
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maternal cigarette smoking and genetic variations in production of a growth factor increase risk of oral cleft defects
FAS |
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Fetal alcohol syndrome is increased with alcohol consumption and also
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genetics that determine the way women metabolize alcohol differently
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Most ethanol in the body is broken down
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in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase, which transforms ethanol into acetaldehyde
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Acetaldehyde is broken down into
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acetate by dehyrdogenase
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Acetate is broken down
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to carbon dioxide and water
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Examples of birth defect toxins
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Dilantin
Retinoids Lead Mercury Polyschlorinated biphenyls |
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An increased risk of oral clefts is associated with
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smoking
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Depleted Uranium causes
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abnormal functioning kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems
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Half-life of uranium is
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15 days
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Fallujah General Hospital in Iraq incident
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out of 170 new borns 24% were dead within 7 days and 75% of them were deformed due to uranium
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Anencephaly
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neural tube defect that occurs when the head end of the neural tube fails to close
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When does anencephaly occur
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23rd or 26th day of pregnancy
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Reason for anencephaly
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high exposures of lead, chromium, mercury, and nickel
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Hydranencephaly
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Cerebral hemispheres are missing and instead have sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Hydranencephalic children have only ________ function remaining
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brain stem
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Iniencephaly
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Rare neural tube defect that results in extreme bending of the head to the spine
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IIn iniencephaly the ____ is absent
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neck
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When are the most sensitive periods for teratogens in pregnancy?
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10-14 days after conception
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When can teratogen interfere with the closing of the neural tube
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3.5-4.5 weeks
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Types of intrinsic factors
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Physic characteristics
Respiration rate Surface to volume ration Metabolic functions |
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Extrinsic factors include
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behaviors and dietary habits that can modify both the potential opportunities for exposure to environmental contaminant and routes of exposure to environmental contaminants
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Newborns have _____ alceoli and bronchi than adults
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fewer
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inhalation exposure is influenced by
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respiration and inhalation rates
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Respiration rate
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number of breaths per minute
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Inhalation rates
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volume of air inhaled per day
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What three organs have greater mass in the first year than later on
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brain, kidney, and liver
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Liver growth shows a _____ during adolescence while the rate of brain growth _____ with age
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secondary increase
declines |
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Lipophilic chemicals are stored in
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adipose tissue
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Lipophilic chemicals may be remobilized during periods of
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rapid growth and/or weight loss
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Adipose tissue volume in children is _____ related to age
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inversely
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volume of water consumed by infants and toddlers are ____ than for older children compared to body weight
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substantially greater
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