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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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head sparing
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The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
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norm
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An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population
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percentile
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A point on a ranking scale of 1 to 99. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people rank higher and half lower
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REM sleep
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Rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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neuron
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A nerve cell of the central nervous system.
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head sparing
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The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
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norm
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An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population
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percentile
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A point on a ranking scale of 1 to 99. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people rank higher and half lower
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REM sleep
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Rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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neuron
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A nerve cell of the central nervous system.
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cortex
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The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling and sensing are involved here
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axon
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A nerve fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
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dendrite
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A nerve fiber that extends from a neuron and recieves electrical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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synapse
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The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of other neurons.
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transient exuberance
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The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infant's brain during the first two years of life
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experience-expectant
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Refers to brain functions that require basic common experiences (which the infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally
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experience-dependent
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Refers to brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
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prefrontal cortex
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THe area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control
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self-righting
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The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit
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sensitive period
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A time when a certain kind of growth or development is most likely to happen or happens most readily
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sensation
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The response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus
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perception
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The mental processing of sensory information, when the brain interprets a sensation
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binocular vision
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The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
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motor skill
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Any ability to move a part of the body, from a large leap to a small movement of the eyelid. These are learned, not automatic
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reflex
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A responsive movement that seems automatic because it almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus.
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Gross Motor skills
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Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
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fine motor skills
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Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
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immunization
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A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.
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sudden infant death syndrom
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A situation in which seemingly healthy infants, at least 2 months of age, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep. The cause is unknown, but it is correlated with sleeping on the stomach and having parents who smoke
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protein-calorie malnutrition
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A conditio in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. The results in several illnesses, weight loss, and sometimes death.
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kwashiorkor
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A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a deficiency of protein makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza
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adaptation
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The cognitive processes by which new information is taken in and responded to. Includes both assimilation and accommodation
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sensorimotor intelligence
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Piaget's term for the intelligence of infants during the first period of cognitive development, when babies think by using their senses and motor skills
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primary circular reactions
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The first of three types of feedback loops, this one involving the infant's own body. THe infant senses motion, sucking, noise and so on, and tries to understand them
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secondary circulaar reactions
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The second of three types of feedback loops, this one involving people and objects. The infant is responsive to other people and to toys and other objects that can be manipulated
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object permanence
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The realization that objects still exist when they cannot be seen, touched or heard
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tertiary circular reactions
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The third of three types of feedback loops, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. THe indant explores a range of new activities, varying his or her responses as a way of learning about the world
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little scientist
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Piaget's term for the stage-five toddler, who experiments without anticipating the results
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deferred imitation
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A sequence in which an infant first percieves something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later
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habituation
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The process of getting used to an object or event throguh repeated exposure to it
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fMRI
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functional magnetic resonance imaging. a measuring technique in which the brain's magnetic properties indicate activation anywhere in the brain
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information-processing theory
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a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy,to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories and output
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affordance
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an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by people, places, and objects in the environemtn
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visual cliff
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an experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop between one horizontal surface and another
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dynamic perception
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perception that is primed to focus on movement and change
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people preference
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The innate attraction that human babies have to other humans, evident in visual, auditory, tactile, and other preferences
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reminder session
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a perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea or experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment.
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child-directed speech
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The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive ways adults speak to infants, also called baby talk or motherese
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babbling
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The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins at about 6 or 7 months of age
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naming explosion
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A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, beginning at about 18 months
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holophrase
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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
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grammar
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All the methods, word order, verb forms, and so on, that languages use to communicate meaning apart from the words themselves
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langauge acquisition device (LAD)
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Chomsky's term for a hypothesized brain structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary and intonation
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social smile
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A smile evoked by a human face. normally evident in infants at about 6 weeks after birth.
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stranger wariness
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An infant's expression of concern, a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person or sadness when a stranger appears. This signifies maturation: the baby recognizes the person as strange
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separation anxiety
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Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves: most obvious between 9 and 14 months
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self-awareness
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a person's realization that he or she is distinct individual, with independent body, mind and actions
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trust versus mistrust
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Erikson's first psychosocial stage. Infants learn basic trust if the world is secure place where their basic needs are met
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies
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social learning
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Learning by observing others
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working model
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in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences
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temperament
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Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-control. originates in genes but affected by child-rearing practices.
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goodness of fit
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A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between the individual and the social context, including family, school and community
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ethnotheory
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A theroy that underlies the values and practices of a culture and that becomes apparent through analysis and comparison of those practices, although it is not usually apparent to the people within the culture
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proximal parenting
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Parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child's entire body such as cradling and swinging
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distal parenting
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Parenting practices that focus on the intellect more than the body, such as conversing and plying with an object
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synchrony
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A coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and infant
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still-face technique
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An experimental device in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and without expression in face to face interaction with an infant
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attachment
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According to Ainsworth "an affectional tie" that one person forms with another, a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
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secure attachment
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A relationship of trust and confidence. During infancy, it enables a child to play independently and happily, reassured by the caregiver's proximity
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insecure-avoidant attachment
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A pattern of attachment in which one person avoids connection with another, as when an infant seems not to care about a caregiver's presence, departure, or return
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insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
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A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
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Strange situation
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A laboratory procedure to measure attachment by evoking infant reactions to stress
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disorganized attachment
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A category of attachment that is marked by inconsistent behavior of the infant in reaction to the caregiver's departure and return
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social referencing
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Seeking information about an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions.
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family day care
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Child care that occurs in a paid caregiver's home and involves six or fewer children of various ages
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center day care
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Child care that usually occurs in a place expecially designed for the purpose, where several paid providers care for many children.
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