Developmental Psychology Candida Peterson Chapter 3

Front 1

Number of chromosomes in the human body

Back 1

46

Front 2

Number of chromosomes in each ovum and sperm

Back 2

23

Front 3

zygote

Back 3

the single cell organism resulting from the fertilisation of an ovum by a sperm

Front 4

Chromosomes

Back 4

tiny threadlike bodies that carry the genetic material from one ancestrial generation to the next

Front 5

Genotype

Back 5

the genetic composition of an individual or outward appearance of inherited characteristics

Front 6

Phenotype

Back 6

the observed characteristics of an individual.

Genotype + environment eg. behaviour

Front 7

Gamete

Back 7

a cell from which a new organism can develop ie ovum, sperm

Front 8

Meiosis

Back 8

the process of gamete formation.

the random process of obtaining 23 unpaired chromosomes.

Front 9

Dominance/recessivity of gene pair means

Back 9

one gene dominates, therefore phenotype reflects only the dominant gene

Front 10

Homozygosity

Back 10

two recessive gene pairs

Front 11

heterozygosity

Back 11

one dominant, one recessive gene pair

Front 12

Polygenetic Inheritance

Back 12

characteristics which are influenced by several separate gene pairs

Front 13

Epigenetics

Back 13

Chemical changes in gene expression that do not affect the genetic code

genes can be turned on or off/explains differences in indentical twins

Front 14

Monozygotic Twins are call

Back 14

Identical Twins - derived from the same zygote

Front 15

Dizygotic Twins are call

Back 15

Fraternal Twins - derived from separate zygotes

Front 16

The scientific validity of twin studies rests on the assumption that

Back 16

twins have the same environment

Front 17

Physical similarity of monozygotic twins produces .....

Back 17

similar environments even when parents are wrongly informed about zygosity

Front 18

The main purpose/usefulness of twin studies is to determine the extent of ________________

Back 18

nature versus nurture

Front 19

The validity of twin studies is seriously limited by 4 factors. These are....

Back 19

1. Stress

2. Lags in mental growth

3. Sibling rivalry

4. Paradoxes in twin's performance on specific tasks

Front 20

The sibling contrast effect is

Back 20

the deliberate cultivation of differences between twins that occurs in order to obtain a unique identity

Front 21

What is the adoption design of twin studies?

Back 21

Studying twins who were adopted at birth to further explore facets of nature versus nurture

Front 22

One study in colorado tracking the origins of delinquency found that...

Back 22

a genetic disposition for acting out had invoked a less effective parenting style in adopted children whose biological mother displayed delinquent behaviour

Front 23

Another finding from the colorado adoption/delinquency study found that the IQ scores of the adopted children correlated more closely with

Back 23

the biological parent

Front 24

What does polygenetics clear show about the nature versus nurture debate?

Back 24

that an either/or dichotomy does not apply.

That both heredity and environment jointly contribute to psychological development

Front 25

Naturalistic Observation of adoptive parents showed that adoptive mothers are more.....

Back 25

attentive and responsive to their children than biological mothers

Front 26

gene-environment correlation

Back 26

children actively seek out particular environments that best suit their genetic predispositions

Front 27

Non shared experiences probably influence development _______ than shared experiences

Back 27

more

Front 28

Risk of mutations within individuals increases with

Back 28

age

Front 29

Gene mutations over time can affects an

Back 29

entire species

Front 30

Some genes exert their influences at different

Back 30

ages

Front 31

Explain the period of the zygote

Back 31

conception to 3 weeks

single cell zygote is fertilised and travels down the fallopian tubes to embed in the wall of the uterus

turns into a multi celled, hollow sphere called a blastula

Front 32

Explain the period of the embryo

Back 32

3 weeks to 3 months

Most dramatics developmental period
All major organs formed and physiological systems take shape

Placenta is formed from the part of the blastula nearest to the uterine wall.

Sex differentiation in week 9

Front 33

Explain the period of the Foetus

Back 33

3 months to birth

bone cells emerge and hearing and taste develop between 13 and 29 weeks

Foetal brain develops - neural plate develops. 250,000 neurons every minute. Apoptosis occurs

Front 34

Which period of prenatal development is critical

Back 34

period of the embryo

Front 35

What are teretogens?

Back 35

disruptions to the ecology of the womb resulting from things suchs as cigerettes, alcohol, virus germs, illicit and medicinal drugs.

Front 36

What does the critical period say about the effects of teratogens?

Back 36

the timing of the teratogenic influence is generally more important than the specific teratogen.

Front 37

What book was read to foetuses in the last 6 weeks before birth in a study that proved that sounds heard consistently during pregnancy were remembered by the foetus.

Back 37

The cat in the hat

Front 38

supporting the prenatal learning ability infants sucked longer when....

Back 38

played a tape with their adults native language as opposed to foreign language

Front 39

infants may be soothed by sounds heard in

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utero

Front 40

Major adjustments to both mother's and fathers lifestyle are required during

Back 40

pregnancy

Front 41

First time expectant parents go through a period of

Back 41

self examination and consideration of new roles

Front 42

What did the longitudinal study on the effects of prenatal gender preference show?

Back 42

Children of the wanted sex enjoyed the most attention and had the happiest and closest relationship with their parents showing better conflict resolution skills and fewer maladaptive skills that those of the wrong sex.

Children of the unwanted sex spent less time playing with the children and reported having more acting-out behaviours

Front 43

What are the 3 stages of labour?

Back 43

First Stage - 8 - 20 hrs involves contractions and dilation of the cervix to 10cm

Second Stage - birth

Third Stage - delivery of the placenta

Front 44

What did Bennett assert about childbirth pain?

Back 44

childbirth pain is not forgotten

Front 45

Low birth weight is equal to or below

Back 45

2500 grams

Front 46

Prematurity refers to

Back 46

a baby born 3 weeks before the due date, resulting in low birth weight <2500grams and who shows others signs of immaturity such as difficulty sucking and breathing

Front 47

A small-for-dates newborn refers to a

Back 47

baby that arrives on time but weighs <2500 grams

Front 48

A study found that children born with severe birth complications were outperformed by normally delivered babies at age ____ , by age _____ birth complications were no longer a significant factor

Back 48

2
10

Front 49

Children's IQ scores are significantly higher in homes that have

Back 49

warm families, rich in social stimulation and intellectual challenge

Front 50

New fathers tend to involve themselves as much as mothers in all forms of care for their newborns, and the average father is just as competent at

Back 50

reading the baby's signals and adjusting his style of care to suit the needs of the baby