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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What stage in psychosocial development (Erikson) are adolescents in? |
Identity vs. role confusion |
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What consists of the adolescent thinking during the adolescent stage? (Piaget) |
Hypothetical reasoning Formal operational thinking Imagine themselves in different roles, and test out different identities |
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Who developed the four different identity statuses and what are they? |
MARCIA... 1. Diffusion 2. Foreclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Achievement |
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What is the diffusion status? |
Do not have an identity and are doing nothing to achieve one |
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What is the foreclosure status? |
They have an identity that was chosen based on advice from adults rather than one that resulted from personal exploration of alternatives (ex. Mom and Dad want me to a doctor) |
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What is the moratorium? |
They are still examining different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity (ex. going through a preppy phase and then an emo phase) |
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What is the achievement phase? |
They have explored alternative identities and are now secure in their chosen identity (ex. Have gone through phases, and settled on sporty) |
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Characteristics of adolescent thinking? Adolescent egocentrism? |
Self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers at they search for identity |
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Imaginary audience? |
Adolescent's feeling that their behaviour is constantly being watched by their peers (ex. Becky can't wear the same outfit because everyone will notice) |
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What is a personal fable? |
Attitude of adolescents that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never been experienced by anyone else before |
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What is the illusion of invulnerability? |
The belief that misfortunes cannot happen to them (ex. I will never get pregnant) |
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What is ethnic identity? |
Feeling of belonging to a specific ethnic group |
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What are the 3 phases in achieving ethnic identity? |
1. Have not examined ethnic roots and may not think ethnicity is an important personal issue 2. Begin to explore personal impact of their ethnic heritage: involves learning cultural traditions and foods 3. Achieve an ethnic self-concept |
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Adolescents with a strong ethnic identity tend to... |
- higher self-esteem - happier - do better in school - higher likelihood of achieving postsecondary education |
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What happens to self-esteem in adolescence? |
It becomes increasingly differentiated May suffer temporarily if youth attend a new school (ex. elementary to junior high) |
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What factors can contribute to adolescent's self-esteem? |
Competence in domains that are important to them How they're viewed by others Reasonable expectations from parents |
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Adolescents with higher self-esteem are more likely to... |
Have good relationships with parents Be well adjusted and successful at school Feel happy and healthy |
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Adolescents with higher self-esteem are less likely to... |
Feel depressed Negative moods Feel lonely Victims of bullying |
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What are some myths (the truth) about adolescents? |
They have good relationships with parents Love parents and feel loved Embrace parental values and advice |
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Are arguments for distressing for parents or for teens? |
PARENTS |
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Some conflicts between families are more serious and are about behavioral problems Fights are more common among adolescents who don't regulate emotions well |
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Romantic adolescent partners tend to be... |
Similar in popularity and physical attractiveness |
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What do romantic relationships provide younger adolescents? |
Companionship and an outlet for sexual exploration |
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What do romantic relationships provide older adolescents? |
Intimacy, trust, and support |
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How do adolescent relationships affect development? |
Become more self-confident and higher self-esteem Have positive relationships in adulthood |
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What is bad about adolescent romantic relationships? |
Report having more emotional upheaval and conflict Less satisfying romantic relationships in adulthood |
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When are adolescents more likely to be sexually active? |
Parents don't monitor behavior Believe peers are having sex Physically mature Drink alcohol regularily |
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On slide 30, look at the differences between the sexual behaviour of boys and girls |
Slide 30 |
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What is the most common STI? |
Chlamydia |
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What are the symptoms of chlamydia? |
75% of woman and 50% of men have no symptoms... Abnormal discharge from vagina/penis Pain while urinating |
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What are some possible complications of Chlamydia? |
Infections of the cervix, Fallopian tubes and can lead to infertility Complications in men are rare |
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Look at other STIs on slides 32/33 |
do it |
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Do sexually use birth control consistently? |
Nope...some use ineffective methods |
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Why don't teenagers use contraception consistently? |
Have illusion of invulnerability Don't know how to use it Are embarrassed Having a child is appealing (independence) |
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What is the best way to prevent teenage pregnancies? |
Education programs that discuss: - biological aspects of sex - responsible behaviour - ways to respond to sexual pressure |
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What is the best explanation for same-sex attraction for males? |
Genes and hormones make boys feel "different" in early adolescence Those feelings lead to an interest in gender-atypical activities Leads to attraction to other males |
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What is the best explanation for same-sex attraction for females? |
Less predictable Same-sex attraction doesn't emerge until mid or late adolescence They often grow out of feelings for a woman and extend to other females |
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What can dating violence include? |
- Physical violence - Emotional violence - Sexual violence (know most about) |
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What 2 factors place adolescents at risk for sexual violence? |
Drug and alcohol use Holding more traditional gender stereotypes |
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What 2 factors make someone more likely to commit acts of violence? |
Being abused or witnessing it during childhood Drug and alcohol use |
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Work/Careers |
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What is Donald Super propose? |
He proposed a theory suggesting that identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career 3 phases |
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What are the 3 phases of Donald Super's theory? |
Crystallization Specification Implementation |
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What is the crystallization phase? |
Adolescents use their emerging identities for ideas about careers At age 13 or 14 (Ex. A teen who is sociable thinks he would want to work with people) |
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What is the specification phase? |
Adolescents learn more specific lines of work and begin training At age 18 (Ex. That teen may think that he would be good in sales) |
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What is the implementation phase? |
Individuals now enter the workforce End of teen years or early 20s (ex. working as a nurse in a hospital) |
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What is the personality-type theory? |
Proposed by John Holland It explains why different people are drawn to different careers |
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Again, what is the personality-type theory? |
People find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job or profession fit the workers' personalities (Ex. people with a good sense of humor would be a good clown and find it fulfilling) |
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What are the six types of personality? |
Realistic Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic LOOK ON SLIDE 54 |
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Are part-time jobs good or bad? Why? |
They can be harmful When they would 20+ hours, their grades can suffer |
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When adolescents work more than 20+ hours, what are they at risk for? |
Anxiety Depression Low self-esteem Substance abuse Problematic behaviour |
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There can be benefits to part-time work if... |
Hours are light Job allows teens to use their skills and get new ones They save some of their money for necessities |
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What are the 3 Ds? |
Drugs Depression Delinquency |
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What are the 3 major influences whether teenagers drink or not? |
Parents Peers Stress |
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How do parents affect teenage drinking? |
If drinking is important in parents' lives If parents are uninvolved or set unreasonable standards |
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How do peers affect teenage drinking? |
They are more likely to drink if their peers do and exert pressure on them to join in |
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How does stress affect teenage drinking? |
Those who report frequent life stress are more likely to drink and drink more often |
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What factors influence teens to smoke? |
If their parents do If their friends do If most students in the school thinks it's ok |
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What factors discourage teens to smoke? |
If parents are supportive and authoritative |
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What is depression? |
a disorder characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem (5-15% of teens) affects girls more may follow an uncontrollable loss, failure, or disappointment |
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What makes adolescents more likely to develop depression? |
Difficulty regulating emotions See themselves negatively Have parents who are uninvolved Have a stressful family life Genetics |
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How can we treat depression? |
Antidepressants Psychotherapy Prevention programs |
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What do antidepressants do? |
They treat neurotransmitter imbalances *may have increased risk of suicide |
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What does psychotherapy emphasize? |
Cognitive and social skills |
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Is it ok to ask someone if they're planning to hurt themselves? |
Yes Be calm, supportive Don't leave them alone and insist they seek help |
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What is Juvenile Delinquency? |
When adolescents commit illegal acts that are destructive towards themselves or others Property-related Violent |
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What is adolescent-limited antisocial behavior? |
The behaviour of youths who engage in relatively minor criminal acts, but aren't consistently antisocial (ex. stealing a pack of gum) |
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What is life-course persistent antisocial behavior? |
Antisocial behaviour that emerges at an early age and continues throughout life (ex. bullying, assault) |
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What are 4 causes of delinquency? |
Biology Cognition Family processes Poverty |
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How can BIOLOGY cause delinquency? |
Aggression can be influenced by a difficult temperament, high levels of testosterone, or deficit in the neurotransmitters that inhibit aggressive behaviour |
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How can COGNITION cause delinquency? |
Aggression is more likely in those who aren't skilled at interpreting other people's intentions and those who have difficulty controlling impulsive behavior |
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How can FAMILY PROCESSES cause delinquency? |
More likely when parents use harsh discipline, don't monitor effectively, or have conflict with one another at home |
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How can POVERTY cause delinquency? |
More likely among youth living in poverty |
