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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How common and what use do imaginary friends have to children? |
Taylor (1999) found that as many as 63% of children aged 3-4 and 7-8 had imaginary friends. Imaginary friends used for enjoyment and to deflect blame. |
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Identify the progression of children's knowledge of 'humanness' |
Children's knowledge of humanness (in ascending order in terms of age): living and non-living things biological understanding Inheritance Hereditary Illness and disease Nativism and empiricism Knowledge of living things are integral milestones in a child's development and begin as early as 9 months |
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Describe the preoperational stage understanding of conservation (2-7 years) |
Conservation of number, volume and mass: understanding progresses during this time period By the age of 7 most children will be able to pass all of these tests. |
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Describe the cognitive changes that occur during the preoperational stage (2-7 years) |
Cognitive changes: decline in egocentrism Classification: the able to classify objects as belonging to two or more categories at the same time. Seriation: being able to order things in series i.e. smallest to largest Deductive reasoning: the ability to draw a logical inference from two or more pieces of information. |
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What 'tools for thought' develop between the ages of 2 and 7? |
1) using symbols as information: involves mastery of symbolic creations of others and creation of new symbolic representations. Also dual representation understanding (i.e. use of maps). requires understanding that information can e represented mentally in two ways at the same time 2) Drawing: common symbolic activity for children. Artistic ideal commonly outstrip motor and planning capability. |
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In what ways do children organise information during this time period? |
Dividing objects into categories: inanimate objects, people, living things Using categorical hierarchies: very general (superordinate), very specific (subordinate), and one int he middle (basic) |
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What is causal understanding and categorisation? |
Understanding causal relations: why objects arethe way they are. This helps children learn and remember new categories.In |
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In what way do children in the preoperational stage understand living things? |
They are fascinated with living things and have a great deal of knowledge. however, they also have a great deal of immature beliefs and reasonings about these. |
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In what way do children in the preoperational stage understand biological processes? |
Inheritance: preschoolers understand that physical characteristics tend to be passed on from parent to offspring Knowledge of hereditary: one of the most basic aspects of children's development Knowledge of growth, illness and healing: growth is a product of internal healing. Plants and animals (unlike inanimate objects) can heal. Understand that illness and old age can cause death. |
