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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What adaptive reflexes are babies born with and what purpose do they serve? |
Rooting reflex (finding breast) & sucking reflex (sucking breast) |
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Are all babies senses fully developed? |
They have well developed smell, taste, balance and hearing but poor eyesight |
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What are Piaget's schemas adjusted via? |
Assimilation- interpreting actions in terms of one's present schemas Accommodation- modifying schemas to fit what they see |
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What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? |
1. Sensorimotor, 0-2 years - uses senses to learn about the word (Hurdle = object permanence) 2. Pre-operational, 2-6 years - able to represent world mentally through talking and make-believe play, less emphasis on senses, typically ego centric and have a belief inanimate objects have lifelike qualities 3. Concrete operational, 7-11 years- babe abstract thought and can perform complex mental processes 4. Formal operational, 12+- children can problem solve, use logic and abstract reasoning |
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What are some critiques of Piaget? |
Children may develop object permanency at 4 or 5 years old, and there is heavy focus on the development of rational thought. It is also inflexible and children may implicitly know information but be unable to explicitly express it |
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What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cultural development? |
Emphasises the role of social interaction as motivation for cognitive gain and learning collaboration on tasks to enhance learning |
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What is the zone of proximal development and the 3 zones? |
The zone of proximal development is a continuum ranging from a child's capacity to problem solve to a more advanced level of collaborative learning. The three stages are 1. The things the learner cannot do, 2. The things the learner can do with help, 3. Things the learner can do on their own. |
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What are the processes that underpin cognitive development? |
Cognitive speed, automatic processing, knowledge base, cognitive strategies and metacognition |
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What is phonology, phonemes and morphemes? |
It is the study of sounds in a language. Phonemes are sounds in a language while morphemes are the smallest unit that carries and changes meaning e.g. ed, ing, er, s, pre- |
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What are some characteristics of speech |
Pitch, rhythm, intonation and accompanying gestures and actions. |
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What are the characteristics of newborn's language |
Early sounds- 0-6 months- crying, whimpering, at 2 months one syllable vowel sounds, at 6 months babbling sounds which mimic commonly heard language |
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What is communication between 6 months and 1 year? |
Gestures, reciprocal facial expressions and referential communication e.g. showing, giving, pointing and labelling |
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What is communication between 1-2 years |
The first word occurs when children realise the benefits of language, and can simplify sentences to one word. At two years, a child can string two words together. |
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By what time is grammar fully functional? |
Children are fully grammatical by the age of four, however can often struggle with word endings e.g. 'footes' rather than 'feet' |
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By what age can infants distinguish the scent of their mother's breast milk? |
1 week |
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What age can children appreciate word jokes, sarcasm and irony? |
Between the ages of 6-10 |
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What is the importance of outward displays of emotion towards and around infants? |
An infant's ability to recognise and display affective states is foundation for mutual regulation between babies and caregivers. |
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What age do babies begin experiencing smiling, sadness, anger and fear? |
Smiling between 3 weeks-6 months, sadness and anger by four months and fear by seven months. |
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What is temperament? |
An individuals behavioural style and characteristic way of responding |
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What are the four attachment styles? |
1. Secure: relaxed with primary caregiver, and use them as a safe base to explore the world 2. Avoidant: not distressed with absence of parent and may avoid them when they return 3. Ambivalent: Tend to be clingy when parents are leaving and angry when they return 4: Disorganised: Contradictory behaviours e.g. walking toward parent while avoiding eye contact. |
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What are the two determinants of attachment style? |
1. Temperament 2. Maternal responsiveness |
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What is the biological theory in relation to gender roles? |
Boys and girls are genetically and structurally different and therefore difference in gender roles develops regardless of parenting approach (in relation to gender) |
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Explain the bio-ecological model of gender roles? |
It is the view that gender roles are the product of both biological and environmental differences and context. There are three ecological systems. |
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What are the three ecological systems in the bio-ecological model? |
1. Microsystem: child & caregivers/ school/ peers 2. Mesosystem: interaction between systems 3. Exosystem: influences that the child does not directly interact with e.g. media/ government |
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Give a brief description of Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory. |
Children actively construct gender knowledge through observation and comparison Children need to recognise themselves in terms of individuals before they develop ideas about gender. |
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What are the stages and ages of Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory? |
18 months- children recognise themselves as an individual 30 months- children label themselves as a girl or boy 3-4- children recognise their gender will remain the same but is associated with superficial image 5-7 years children recognise that gender is consistent across situations |
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What does gender schema theory propose? |
It proposes children's intrinsic motivation to acquire gender consistent interests emerges when children identify their own gender through schemas, which begin with a 'same/different to me' association. Motivation for cognitive consistency results in preferation of own sex. |
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What are the three integrated components of morality? |
1. Capacity to distinguish right from wrong 2. Ability to act morally and make moral choices 3. How a person feels about moral matters |
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What is the morality of constraint? |
Children younger than 10 view rules as constant and are unlikely to consider the intent behind an action. |
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What is the morality of co-operation? |
Older children focus more on inferences about other's intentions and are more likely to view rules as a means to an end and therefore can be changed if inappropriate |
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What are the stages and levels in Kohlberg's Dilema? |
Level 1- Preconventional reality (Age 9) (Stage 1- punishment and obedience, stage 2- self interest and reward) Level 2- Conventional reality (9+) (Stage 3- Good boy/girl conformity, stage 4- Social order maintaining) Level 3- Post conventional reality (Some of us) (Stage 5- Rules are social constructs/ individual rights, stage 6- Universal ethical principle) |
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What happens to the stages in Kohlberg's dilema when people are/ are not under pressure? |
When people are not under pressure they are likely to hold a 'lofty' position in relation to the stages, however when it is applicable to their own life, people tend to regress levels. |
