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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
- Outlined four major stages in the development of an individual - Progression through stages according to age |
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What does the sensori-motor stage encompass? (Piaget) |
Birth to 2 years - Develop understanding through sensory & motor interactions - Do not understand object permanence (until 8 months of age approx.) |
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What does the pre-operational stage encompass? (Piaget) |
2 to 7 years - Children are egocentric - Do not understand conservation - Animism still occurs |
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What does the concrete operational stage encompass? (Piaget) |
7 to 11 years - Able to think logically provided they are working with concrete materials - Conservation - Ability to classify |
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What does the formal operational stage encompass? (Piaget) |
11 years and up - Capable of abstract thinking - Talk about concepts like honesty and morality - Can discuss possible outcomes without having experienced them - Logical thinking |
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What are the characteristics of Kohberg's theory of moral development? |
- Six stages of universally applicable moral development - Developed based on children's responses to various moral dilemmas - Dilemmas focus on the value of human life and property, the meaning of social rules and laws, honesty and the importance of upholding contractual agreements with others Heinz (example of moral dilemma used) A woman is near death from a unique kind of cancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drugs costs $4000 per dosage. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2000. He asked the doctor scientist who discovered the drug for a discount or let him pay later. But the doctor scientist refused. Should Heinz break into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why/why not? |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 1? (Kohlberg) |
Punishment and obedience
Egocentric *characteristic of children <7 years who cannot take the perspective of another person |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 2? (Kohlberg) |
Individual, instrumental and concrete |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 3? (Kohlberg) |
Mutual interpersonal expectations, conformity and relationships |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 4? (Kohlberg) |
Social system and maintenance of one's conscience |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 5? (Kohlberg) |
Rights and social contract *adolescents expected to eventually reach Stage 5 or 6 |
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What is the moral focus of Stage 6? (Kohlberg) |
Universal ethical principles and moral point of view |
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What are the characteristics of Erikson's theory of identity? |
- Described the development of identity not just in childhood but across entire lifespan - Development of identity considered to be a series of continual challenges that have to be met by the individual to move successfully to the next phase of life |
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What is the crisis in Stage 1? (Erikson) |
Infancy, ages 0-1 Trust versus mistrust |
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What is the crisis in Stage 2? (Erikson) |
Toddler, ages 1-2 Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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What is the crisis in Stage 3? (Erikson) |
Early childhood, ages 2-5 Initiative versus guilt |
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What is the crisis in Stage 4? (Erikson) |
Middle childhood, ages 6-11 Industry versus inferiority |
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What is the crisis in Stage 5? (Erikson) |
Adolescence, ages 12-18 Identity versus role confusion |
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What is the crisis in Stage 6? (Erikson) |
Early adulthood, ages 19-40 Intimacy versus isolation |
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What is the crisis in Stage 7? (Erikson) |
Middle adulthood, ages 40-65 Generativity versus stagnation |
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What is the crisis in Stage 8? (Erikson) |
Late adulthood, ages 65 to death Integrity versus despair |
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What are the features of Bandura's social learning theory? |
Social learning proposes that people develop through observing the behaviours and decisions of those around them, as well as the outcomes of these choices
- A live model, which involves an individual demonstrating or acting out a behaviour - A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of behaviour - A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviours in books, films, television programs, or online media. |
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How do the various models work? (Bandura) |
Examples - To encourage cyber safety in schools, campaigns often use stories of when previous danger and risk of privacy has occurred to teenagers (verbal model) - Superhero characters from comics or movies are frequently an inspiration to children battling serious illnesses as they observe the characters' bravery in the face of adversity and apply this principle to their own encounters (symbolic model) |
