Developmental Psychology

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Developmental Science

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a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.

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Theory

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an orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

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Continuous

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a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with (escalator)

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Discontinuous

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a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. (Stairs-stages)

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Stages

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Qualitative changes in thinking feeling and behaving that characterize specific periods of development.

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Contexts

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unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.

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Nature-Nurture Controversy

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Are genetic or environmental factors more important?

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Stability

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individuals high or low in a characteristic (anxiety, sociability) will remain so at later ages. people to believe this typically stress that importance of heredity.

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Nurture

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would say that early experiences are used to establish a lifelong pattern of behavior.

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Plasticity

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The ability to change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it.

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Development as a dynamic system

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a perpetually ongoing process, extending from conception to death that is molded by a complex network of biological, psychological, and social influences.

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Lifespan Perspective

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a leading dynamic system approach. 1) lifelong 2) multidimensional 3) highly plastic 4) affected by multiple interacting forces

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Development is Multidimensional

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affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

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Development is Multidirectional

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at every period, development is a joint expression of growth and decline. (When sofie mastered languages and music as a school age child, she gave up refining other skills)

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Wisdom

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expertise in practical matters. a quality of reasoning

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age graded influences

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events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last for. (walking, speaking, puberty, menopause.)

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Resilience

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the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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Four Factors of Resilience

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Personal characteristics
a warm parental relationship
social support outside of the home
community resources and opportunities

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History Graded Influences

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People born at the same time, cohort, tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. "Baby boomers"

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Non Normative Influences

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events that are irregular and do not follow a predictable timeline (inspiring teacher, battle with cancer, early parenthood)

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G. Stanley Hall

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founder of child study movement.

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Hall and Gesell

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regarded development as a maturational process, normative approach. Wrote the first child rearing books

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maturational process

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a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically, much like a flower

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Normative Approach

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measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.

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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

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french psychologists, asked by Paris schools to identify which students had learning problems for special placement.

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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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Binet's intelligence scale adapted to English at Stanford University

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

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people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to get along with other and to cope with anxiety.

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Freud

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a Viennese physician, sought a cure for emotionally troubled adults by having them talk freely about painful events of their childhood.

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Psychosexual Theory

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emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years in crucial for healthy personality development

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Id

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source of basic biological needs and desired.

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Ego

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conscious, rational part of personality. Emerges early in infancy to redirect id's impulses into acceptable behaviors

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SuperEGo

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conscious, develops through interaction with parents who insist children conform to values of society.

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Erikson's Theory

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psychosocial development theory

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Psychosocial Theory

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Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between the id's impulses and superego's demands, the ego makes positive contributions to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage.