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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology
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The study of physical, intellectual, social and moral changes across a lifespan
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Nature vs. Nurture Controversy
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Dealing with the extent to which heredity and the environment each influence behavior
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Maturation
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Biological growth processes that bring about orderly changes in behavior, thought, or physical growth
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity
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Deals with the question of whether development is gradual, cumulative change over a lifespan
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Stability vs. Change
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Deals with the issue of whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan
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Longitudinal
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Study that follows the same group of people to evaluate changes
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Cross-sectional study
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Researchers assess developmental changes with respect to a particular factor by evaluating different age groups
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Cohort
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Group of people in one age group
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Cohort Effect
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Differences in the experiences of each age group as a result of growing up in different time periods
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Cohort-Sequential
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Cross-sectional groups are assessed at least 2 times over a span of months-years, instead of only once
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Critical Period
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A time interval during which specific stimuli have a major effect on development that the stimuli do not produce at other times
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Prenatal Development
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Begins with conception, ends with birth
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Zygote
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Fertilized ovum with genetic material
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Embryo
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Term for individual after about 2 weeks, blastocyst is embedded in lining of uterus
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Fetus
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Developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth
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Teratogens
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Harmful chemicals and viruses that cause birth defects
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome
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(FAS)A cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcohol
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Neonates
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Term for new born
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Rooting
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Baby’s response of turning its head when touched of the cheek and then trying to put the stimulus in its mouth
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Grasping Reflex
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When the infant closes its fingers tightly around an object
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Moro/Startle Reflex
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A loud noise/drop causes the infant to automatically arch its back, fling out its limbs and quickly retract them
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Habituation
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Decreased response to a repeated stimulus
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Puberty
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Sexual Maturation
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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Reproductive organs
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Non-reproductive features associated with sexual maturity
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Menarche
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Menstrual Period
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Menopause
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Cessation of the ability to reproduce
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Assimilation
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Fitting new info into existing schemas
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Accommodation
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Modifying a schema to fit new info
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Sensorimotor stage
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1st Stage of Cognitive Development; Baby explores world using senses and motor interactions with objects in environment
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Object Permanence
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Understanding that objects exist even when out of sight
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Stranger anxiety
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Fear of unfamiliar people
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Preoperational Stage
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2nd Stage of Cognitive Development; Language develops with ability to think
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Egocentric
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Seeing the world from your own point of view
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Animisn
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Belief that all things are living just like yourself
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Artificialsim
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Belief that all objects are made by people
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Concrete-operational Stage
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Children develop simple logic and master conservation concepts
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Conservation concepts
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That changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties
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Formal Operational Stage
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4th Stage of Cognitive Development; Children can think abstractly and hypothetically
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Internalization
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Absorbing info from a specified social environmental context
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Zone of Proximal Development
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(ZDP) The range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone/with an adult/other children
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Fluid Intelligence
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Abilities requiring speed or rapid learning
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Learned knowledge and skills the improves over time
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die
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Preconventional Level
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Children do the right thing to avoid punishment
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Object Permanence
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Understanding that objects exist even when out of sight
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Stranger anxiety
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Fear of unfamiliar people
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Preoperational Stage
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2nd Stage of Cognitive Development; Language develops with ability to think
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Egocentric
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Seeing the world from your own point of view
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Animisn
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Belief that all things are living just like yourself
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Artificialsim
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Belief that all objects are made by people
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Concrete-operational Stage
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Children develop simple logic and master conservation concepts
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Conservation concepts
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That changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties
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Formal Operational Stage
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4th Stage of Cognitive Development; Children can think abstractly and hypothetically
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Internalization
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Absorbing info from a specified social environmental context
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Zone of Proximal Development
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(ZDP) The range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone/with an adult/other children
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Fluid Intelligence
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Abilities requiring speed or rapid learning
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Learned knowledge and skills the improves over time
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die
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Preconventional Level
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Children do the right thing to avoid punishment
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Conventional Level
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Children follow rules to live up to the expectations of others
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Postconventional Level
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Idea of “social contract”
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Social Development
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Influence of others on the development of a person
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Culture
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Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions transmitted from one generation to another
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Attachment
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Forming a close relationship with caregiver
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Temperament
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Baby’s natural disposition to show a particular mood
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Self-Awareness
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Consciousness of oneself as a person
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Social Referencing
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Observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain info/guidance
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Authoritarian
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Parenting style; Strict rules which children are expected to follow w/ corresponding punishments
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Authoritative
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Parenting style; Parents set limits but also explain reason for them, make exceptions when deemed appropriate
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Permissive
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Parenting Style; Parents do not set firm guidelines, if any
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Gender
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Sociocultural dimension of being biologically male/female
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Gender roles
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Sets of expectations that prescribe how males and females should act/think/feel
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Gender Identity
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Our sense of being male/female
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Gender Schema Theory
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Children form a schema of gender that filters their perceptions of the world
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Gender Role Stereotypes
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Our impressions/beliefs about males/females
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Androgyny
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Presence of desirable masculine/feminine characteristics in the same person
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Stereotype Threat
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Anxiety that performance will confirm a negative stereotype
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Gender Role Stereotypes
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Our impressions/beliefs about males/females
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Androgyny
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Presence of desirable masculine/feminine characteristics in the same person
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Stereotype Threat
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Anxiety that performance will confirm a negative stereotype
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