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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary
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Quantitative Change
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Change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication
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Qualitative Change
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In what stage do children search for personal identity?
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Identity vs. identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood) - Erikson
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Characteristic of an event that ooccurs in a similar way for most people in a group
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Normative events
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Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person, or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.
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Non-normative events
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Group of people growing up at about the same time
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Cohort
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Specific time when a given event, or its absence has a specific impact on development
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Critical period
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The group receiving the treatment under study in an experiment
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Experimental Group
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Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain and predict data
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Theory
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Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research
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Hypothesis
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Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation
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Naturalistic observation
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Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions
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Laboratory observation
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A group of people in an experiment, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment whose effects are to be measured.
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Control group
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Three domains of human development
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Physical development
Cognitive development Psychosocial development |
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Eight periods of human development
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Prenatal period (c-b)
Infancy & toddlerhood (b-3y) Early childhood (3y-6y) Middle childhood (6y-11y) Adolescence (11y-20y) Young adulthood (20y-40y) Middle adulthood (40y-65y) Late adulthood (65y & over) |
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Freud's Psychosexual stage theory
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Oral (b to 12-18m)
Anal (12-18m to 3y) Phallic (3y-6y) Latency (6y-puberty) Genital (puberty thru adlthd) |
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Erikson's Psychosocial stage theory
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Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. idntty confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stangnation Ego integrity vs. despair |
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Piaget's Cognitive Stages
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Sensorimotor (b-2y)
Preoperational (2y-7y) Concrete operations (7y-11y) Formal operations (11y thru adulthood) |
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What is a Behaviorist most concerned with?
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Cognitive development concerned with "basic mechanics of learning" or "how behavior changes in response to experience"
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What are some examples of a self-report technique?
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Diary
Interview Questionnaire |
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In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control.
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Independent variable
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In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable
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Dependent variable
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Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.
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FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
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Few examples of FAS
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Slow pre- & post natal growth
Facial and body malformations Disorders of the CNS (poor sucking response, brainwave abnormatlities, sleep disturbance, slow information processing, short attention span, retarded growth, hyperactivitiy) |
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What did the Human Genome Project study?
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Order of DNA base pairs in all the genes in the human body
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Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes.
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Genes
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Coils of DNA that carry the genes
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Chromosomes
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One-celled organism resulting from fertilization
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Zygote
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Pair of chromosomes that determines sex; XX in the normal female, XY in the normal male
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Sex chromosomes
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Male and female sex cells that combine to create a zygote, a single cell.
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Gamete
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Genetic makeup of a person, contatining both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
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Genotype
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Observable characteristics of a person
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Phenotype
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Deformed, fragile red blood cells tha can clog the blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, frequent infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, susceptibility to pneumonia and stroke.
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Sickle-cell anemia
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Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5
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Tay-Sach's disease
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Condition where body makes too much mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally and usually do not live beyond age 30; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people
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Cystic fibrosis
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Pervasive developmental disorder of the brain, characterized by lack of normal social interaction, impaired communication and imagination, and a highly restricted range of abitilities and interests
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Autism
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Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderately-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corders of the eyes
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Down Syndrome or trisomy-21
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What increases the probability of Down Syndrome?
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An extra twenty-first chromosome or the translocation of part of the twenty-first chromosome onto another chromosome.
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The inborn traits and characteristics inherited from the biological parents
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Nature
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The environmental influences, both before and after birth, including influences of family, peers, schools, neighborhoods, society, and culture
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Nurture
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Influences of nature
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Physical traits
Physiological traits Intelligence Personality Temperament Psychopathology |
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Average newborn height and weight
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20 inches, 7 1/2 pounds
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"Soft spots" on the head whewre the bones have not yet grown togethes; covered by a tough membrane
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Fontanels
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How many hours a day does a newborn baby sleep?
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16 hours
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What is the Apgar Scale?
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A standard measurment of a newborn's condition; measured one minute after delivery and then five minutes after birth
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What does an Apgar scale measure?
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
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What did Piaget study?
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Cognitive stage theory
Cognitive development Sensorimotor stages |
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Learning based on assocation of a stimulus (food) that does not ordinarily elicit a response (salivation) with another stimulus (the bell) that does elicit the response
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Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
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Learning based on reincorcement or punishment
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Operant conditioning - B.F. Skinner
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A loss in the rate of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is withheld
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Extinction
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Who is best known for early IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests?
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
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What does the HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) demonstrate
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The influence of the home environment on children's cognitive growth
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Piaget's term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occureences originally discovered "by chance"
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Circular reactions
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Piaget's term for organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations
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Schemes
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Six substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage
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-Use of reflex
-Primary circular reactions -Secondary circular reactions -Coordination of 2ndary schemes -Tertiary circular reactions -Mental combinations |
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When do infants first communicate their emotions?
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0-3 months
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Examples of babies' emotions
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Fear, hunger, pain, frustration, anger, content, interest and distress
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When do babies begin to be afraid of strangers?
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Second half of the first year
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What functions do our emotions perform?
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- Communicate needs, intentions, desires, call forth a response
- Mobilize action in emergencies - Promote exploration of the environment |
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Know about Harlow's work with monkeys
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- Wire monkey with bottle
- Cloth monkey with no bottle - Baby chose clothed monkey and ate drank from wire monkey |
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Reciprocal, enduring tie between infant and caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
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Attachment
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Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother
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Imprinting
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Know the story of Victor (The Wild Boy of Aveyron)
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- Victor (boy in France)
- sent to school for deaf-mutes - Turned over to Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard - Itard taught Victor skills (5 years), emotions, social behavior, language and thought with use of "imitation", "conditioning", "behavioral modification" - Victor liked Madame Guerin - Learned many things but didn't speak - Victor found on Jan. 8, 1800. Died in early forties in 1828. |
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Are most deaf children born to deaf parents?
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?
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Know the principles of life-span development by Baltes
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[Page 8]
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Know Freud's theory of personality
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?
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Know Language Milestones from Birth to 3 Years
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[Page 173, Table 5-5]
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