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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Applied
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Done for a purpose Ex)Find cure for AIDS
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Interdisciplinary
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Combined studies of people from other fields.
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theory
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orderly set of statements that describe, explain, predict behavior
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Continuous Development
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"womb to tomb" gradually increasing same types of skills that were there to begin with.
DIFFERENCE between mature and immature=AMOUNT/COMPLEXITY |
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Discontinuous Development
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New and different ways of interpretting & responding to the world. Emerge at particular times.
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Applied
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Done for a purpose Ex)Find cure for AIDS
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Interdisciplinary
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Combined studies of people from other fields.
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theory
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orderly set of statements that describe, explain, predict behavior
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Continuous Development
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"womb to tomb" gradually increasing same types of skills that were there to begin with.
DIFFERENCE between mature and immature=AMOUNT/COMPLEXITY |
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Discontinuous Development
Stages |
New and different ways of interpretting & responding to the world. Emerge at particular times
Stages are qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development. |
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Contexts
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Unique combo of personal and envir. circumstances that result in diff. paths of development Ex) Shy Boy vs. Social Butterfly
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Nature
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Inborn, hereditary, biological givens from conception.
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Nurture
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complex forces of physical and social world, influence biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth.
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Life span perspective
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development is...
1)lifelong 2)Multidimensional/Multidirectional 3)plastic 4)embedded in contexts |
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Lifelong
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no age is more important over another. changes are physical, cognitive, social.
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Multidimensional
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affected by blend of psychological and social forces.
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Multidirectional
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1)joint of expression of growth and decline.
2)with in the same domain |
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Plastic
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able to change and respond to envir. Ex)Sofie chooses career over marriage-can still marry later on.
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Embedded in contexts:
1)Age-graded |
events that are related to age and predictable.
Ex)Baby walks at 1 year. |
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2)History graded
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Affected by historical event or era. Ex)Epidemics, war, depression.
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3)Nonnormative
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affected by unpredicable/accident events in life.
Ex)Tsunami |
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Views of Childhood
Preformationism |
Child=MINI ADULT(baby jesus)
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Puritans
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Children=evil, sinful therfore harsh parenting!
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John Locke
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Tabula rasa=child is a blank slate. experiences shape their lives.
Development=continuous&Nuture Parenting changed to kind and compassionate. |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Noble savages=child endowed with natural sense of innate plan for healthy life.
maturation=refers to a gentically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth. |
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Maturation
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Genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
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Psychoanalytic perspective
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people move through stages where they confront conflicts of biological drives and social expectations.
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Psychosexual Theory
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how parents manade their child's sexual and aggressive drives is crucial in first few years for healthy develop.
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Three parts of Personality
1)Id 2)Ego 3)Superego |
1)Id=source of basic biological needs and desires.
2)Ego=conscious, rational part of personality. Directs Id's impulses. 3)Superego=conscience develops. Child starts to conform to society. |
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Oral Stage
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Baby is focused on sucking breast or bottle. If need is not met thumb suckin/fingernail biting can occur.
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Anal Stage
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Enjoy holding and releasing feces & urine. Potty training becomes important:if parent tries to early=OCD, anal retentive. If parent is too lax=messy, disorderly development
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Phallic Stage
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Finds pleasure at the genitals. Oedipus and Electra Conflicts! Adopt same sex parents behavior=feel guilty whenver values are not met.
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Latency Stage
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Sex insticts die down and new social values from family and peers(same sex)
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Genital Stage
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phallic impulses reappear. leads to marriage,mature sexuality, and reproduction.
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Erickson's Psychosocial Theory
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Took sex out of Freud's Psychosexual theory.
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame&Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Etc... |
At each stage attitudes and skills are acquired that make individual active member of society.
Development is understood by culture and life situation. Ex)Yurok Indians and weaning. |
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Clinical Method=take info from several sources to draw personality function of a person. CANT BE TESTED!!
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Behaviorism
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directly observable events stimuli and responses are focus of study!
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Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov's Dog(salivation) Based on reflexes. Stimulus yields response. ENVIR is supreme fource in DEVELOPMENT
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Operant Conditioning
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Skinner. Behavior is increased by reinforcers and decreased by punishment.Which stimulis yields the response we want. Ex)Rat&lever press.
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Social Learning
Emphasis on....Social cognition, self-efficacy, and modification. |
Bandura. Modeling&imatation learning=powerful source of development.
Ex)Sally and Itchy&Scratchy dolls. Emphasized social cognition-children eventually decide who they want to imitate. Self-efficacy=belief that own abilities will help them succeed. Modification=eliminate undesirable traits. NOT COMPLETE ACCOUNT OF DEVELOP. |
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Cognitive Development Theory
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Piaget. Kids construct knowledge as they explore their world. ACTIVE LEARNERS!
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Sensorimotor stage
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integration=integrate sensory input with motor input.
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preoperational stage
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symbolic thought/language/make-believe play. Ex)cops&robbers
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Concrete Operational
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Meta-cognition:think about what your thinking. (Hierarchy and class system)
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Formal Operational
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Abstract thought. Reason with symbols that do not refer to objects in real world.
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Methods of Study
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Interviewed Kids(naturalistic observation)
Recieve info out of pre-verbal kids. Train a child to perform certain way. (underestimate kids) |
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Information Processing
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Mind can be viewed as symbol manipulating system that info flows through.
active/independent learners. CANT explain imagination/cognitive abilities. Develop.continuous change. |
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Ethology
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Lorenz. Adaptive, survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
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Imprinting
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behavior as the attachment to the mother for feeding and protection.
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Critical Period
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if something does not happen(developmentally) it never will
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Sensitive Period
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if something does not happen it still can. OPTIMUL time for capacities to arise.
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Evolutionary Developmental psychology
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understand how emotional,cognitive,social abilities change with age.
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Sociocultural Theory
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Focuses on how culture is transmitted to generations. Cooperative dialogues necessary for children to acquire ways of thinking and behaving.
Social mediated process=dependen on support that adults provide as children try new task |
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Ecological Systems Theory
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Bronfenbrenner(Bioecological Model).
Person develops with in a system influence by many levels of surrounding envir. Ex)child raised by village, village raise by... |
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Microsystem
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Inner most level of envir.
Patterns&activities in immediate envir. relationships=BIDIRECTIONAL |
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Mesosystem
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Connection of microsystems. many variables come into play in development.
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Exosystem
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other social settings that do not contain person but affect experiences in immediate settings.
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Macrosystem
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outermost level. Consists of cultural values,laws,customs,and resources.
Ex)Work benefits-good for children |
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Chronosystem
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constantly changing envir.
Changes can be: external OR internal. Development NOT controlled by envir. or inner despositions. |
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Systematic Observations
1)naturalistic 2)structured |
1)Observe behavior in envir. Ex)kid on playground
2)set up situation to evoke behavior. TELLS LIL ABOUT HOW ADULTS AND KIDS BEHAVE!!! |
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Self-Reports
1)Clinical Interview 2)Structure Interview |
1)conversation probes info. TOO flexible
2)?'s given in a set,the same way. ELIMINATES flexibility. |
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Case Studies(generate hypothesis)
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Info on one person.
Aim to study people who are few in #-Correlational. NO CONCLUSIONS. |
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Ethnography
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Understanding a culture or social group. Achieved through participant observation.
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Correlational Design
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get info on existing groups, look @ relationships b/t people and behavior.
NO CAUSE&EFFECT! Correl Coefficient=# that describes how to 2 things are associated with one another. |
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Experimental
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CAUSE&EFFECT!
Independent variable=causes change. Dependent variable=changed by independent. Random assignment |
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Longitudinal Design
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study over time.
Cohort Effect=indiv. born around same time influence by same things. DISRUPT RESULTS. |
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Cross-Sectional
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group of diff. people studied at same time.
COHORT EFFECTS. |
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Longitudinal Sequential
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Many groups are studied over time. Advantages:Cohort and Long&cross sectional comparisons.
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Ethics
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Confidentiality and wavers needed!
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