Developmental Psychology 20008 (Melb Uni) Lecture 20

Front 1

Temperament:

Back 1

• Early-emerging biologically-based stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, & emotional self-regulation

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Temperament is at the Roots of ................ .....................

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adult personality

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Rothbarts’ 6 dimensions:

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Reactivity 1. activity (level of gross motor activity) 2. attention (duration of orienting or interest)
3. irritability (fussing when desires frustrated) 4. fearfulness (wariness to novel & intense stimuli) 5. positivity (frequency of happiness & pleasure
• Self-regulation 6. Effortful control (capacity to voluntarily suppress a reaction to execute
a more adaptive response)/ soothability

Front 4

Three main Temperament Types: 1.E............. Child (...%). 2.D................. Child (....%). 3. ........................... CHild (....%)..- ....% did not fit typology

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Easy child (40%): regular routines, cheerful, adapts to
novelty • Difficult child (10%): irregular routines, reacts negatively & intensely, slow to adapt to novelty. Risk for later anxious withdrawal & aggression
• Slow-to-warm-up child (15%): inactive, mild reactions,
negative mood, slow to adapt to novelty • 35% didn’t fit typology

Front 5

Inhibited Temperament • Jerome Kagan

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– Behavioral inhibition: wariness (fear) in the face on novelty (20%) – Low threshold for arousal • Physiological correlates – Heart rate, cortisol (stress hormone), pupil dilation, blood pressure, skin temperature, right frontal EEG asymmetry

Front 6

Jerome Kagan: Later social behavior of inhibited children depends on parenting • Warm, supportive parenting – • Overprotection – • Goodness-of-fit:

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-decreased cortisol -prevents exposure, inhibition persists -temperament/parenting/culture

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Attachment: definition. Develops in the ................period

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Strong emotional tie which provides comfort during stress. 6m - 1yr

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History: early theorists thought that attachment grew from feeding (e.g., Freud) but … – ................ (50s): monkeys prefer soft to milk-producing
surrogate mother – Infants form attachments to others who don’t feed them: fathers, siblings, etc.

Back 8

Harlow

Front 9

John Bowlby (’69) ....................... determines child’s
feeling of security during exploration & capacity
to form trusting relationship

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attachment

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1st attachments generalize to later ...........................

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relationship

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Internal working model:

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expectations about the availability of attachment figures & their likelihood of providing support during stress, guide for future close relationships

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Attachment Security
• Strange Situation:

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observational method
consisting of series of child-parent separations &
reunions. Infant’s reunion response determines
quality of attachment. Mary Ainsworth (‘78)

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Secure (65%): • Avoidant (20%):
Resistant (10-15%):Disorganized (5-10%):

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Secure (65%): comforted by parent’s return
• Avoidant (20%): unresponsive to parent’s return
• Resistant (10-15%): fail to explore, angry/not
comforted at return • Disorganized (5-10%): contradictory beh. at
return, most insecure

Front 14

Influences on Attachment: Sensitive caregiving

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Secure: warm & responsive
– Avoidant: intrusive, overstimulating - Resistant: inconsistent, unresponsive/ interfering

Front 15

Influences on Attachment: child characteristics

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Temperament, controversial, direction of effect – Prematurity, disability

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Influences on Attachment: Culture (van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988)

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Secure pattern most common across cultures – High rate of avoidant attachment in Germany, value independence – High rate of resistant attachment in Japan, value dependence

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.........SES children show less ......................... stability than
............. SES children

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low, attachment, middle