Developmental Psychology 20008 (Melb Uni) Lecture 16

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phenotype

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observable properties of an organism produced by the GENOTYPE and environmental influence. (eg.hair colour, skin, height &lung capacity)

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Nucleus

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s a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes

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karyotype

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is a picture of a persons chromosomes (the chromosomes are lined up from largest to smallest #d 1-22)

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meiosis

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is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. In many organisms, including all animals and land plants (but not some other groups such as fungi), gametes are called sperm and egg cells.
Whilst the process of meiosis bears a number of similarities with the 'life-cycle' cell division process of mitosis, it differs in two important respects:
the chromosomes in meiosis undergo a recombination which shuffles the genes producing a different genetic combination in each gamete, compared with the co-existence of each of the two separate pairs of each chromosome (one received from each parent) in each cell which results from mitosis.
the outcome of meiosis is four (genetically unique) haploid cells, compared with the two (genetically identical) diploid cells produced from mitosis.

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mitosis

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is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. [1] Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately 10% of the cell cycle.

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there are .... numbered pairs of chromosomes called auosomes - the 23rd pit of chromosomes are the ..... chromosomes

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22, sex

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DNA: chromosomes are strings of DNA. Four bases. 1. A.................2.T................3.C.................4.G....................attached to the bases is a ..................group 2-deoxy. (anti parallel strands, 5prime & 2prime end)

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1.Adenine.2.Thymine.3.Cystosine. 4.Guanine. sugar,

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Mutations include;

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base substitutions, deletions of DNA, whole or partial abnormalities

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chromosomes

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an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a condition in which human males have an extra X chromosome. While females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY, affected individuals have at least two X chromosomes and at least one Y chromosome.[1] Because of the extra chromosome, individuals with the condition are usually referred to as "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males".[2]

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Huntington's disease

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is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric problems. It typically becomes noticeable in mid-adult life. HD is the most common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements called chorea, and indeed the disease used to be called Huntington's chorea. HD is one of several trinucleotide repeat disorders which are caused by the length of a repeated section of a gene exceeding a normal range.[13] The HTT gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 4[13] at 4p16.3. HTT contains a sequence of three DNA bases—cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG)—repeated multiple times (i.e. ... CAGCAGCAG ...), known as a trinucleotide repeat.[13] CAG is the genetic code for the amino acid glutamine, so a series of them results in the production of a chain of glutamine known as a polyglutamine tract (or polyQ tract), and the repeated part of the gene, the PolyQ region

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Proteins

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- the end product of gene expression. - EVERYTHING on the planet sis based on 20 different amino acids.

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Protein types;

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enzymes (largest category), haemoglobin, insulin, histones

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Summary:- ...................... is the observable outcome of the genotype. - Recombination of genetic material enables
genetic ..................... in population • Mitosis is chromosome..................... and ..................... • Meiosis is chromosome replication,
recombination, division and division ...................
• DNA codes for..................... manufacture
• External factors can influence............... function

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phenotype, variation, replication, division, again, protein, gene,

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• Epigenetic change occurs when ....................
produces persistent alterations in phenotype by
altering ................ expression

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environment, gene