Developmental Psychology 20008 (Melb Uni) Lecture 13

Front 1

Growth and change, the body: on average ......cm per year, weight increases by .......kg p/y

Back 1

6, 2.25

Front 2

Growth and change, the body: gradually ........ mass increases and ............... ....... decreases. ............................... of bones. On average boys have more ............ cells than girls and are .....................

Back 2

muscle, body fat, ossification, muscle, stronger

Front 3

Growth and change, the brain: ...................... stabilisers, changes in ...................... and regions, particularly the .................. cortex which is involved with p......................., per...................... and social.

Back 3

volume, structures, prefrontal, planning, personal

Front 4

Growth and change, the brain: increased cortical thickness (.........matter) better at making ....................and .............. ................... also occurs

Back 4

grey, decisions, synaptic pruning

Front 5

Growth and change, the motor development: gross motor- increases smoothness and ..........................(............better). Fine motor- improves mid-late c/h (...........better)

Back 5

coordination, boys, girls

Front 6

Learning disabilities are defined by 3 major components;

Back 6

1. minimun IQ, 2. significant difficulty w/ school work. 3. exclusion of severe emotional disorders, 2nd lang, sensory disabilities & specific neuro deficits

Front 7

Possible causes of learning disabilities include;

Back 7

genetics, environment, problems integrating information from major brain regions, difficulties in brain structures and functions

Front 8

Middle childhood (health, illness & disease)

Back 8

Middle childhood = excellent health • Injuries are the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood Motor vehicle accidents are most common cause
of severe injury • Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in
children 5–14 years old
Most common child cancer is leukaemia. Many elementary school children already possess risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Front 9

Cognitive change: In the .......operational stage (2 years –
5 years) children’s thinking is limited children can have only a ............ focus
or centre. Around ...... years, children’s thinking begins to shift to include more than ........ dimension…

Back 9

pre, single, 5, one

Front 10

Boys are identified ...... x as much as girls as having a .....................disability. Most common form involves reading (................). INTERVENTION: improve reading ability through intensive......................

Back 10

3, learning, dyslexia, instruction

Front 11

Exercise is important for development and growth. However there has been a decrease n involvement w/ sport @ schools; .....% (69) - .....% (99).

Back 11

80, 20

Front 12

This decrese in physical activity has been linked to ...................... games, ....... & previously low................. b4 school.

Back 12

computer, tv, exercise

Front 13

Synaptic pruning

Back 13

neurological regulatory processes, which facilitate a change in neural structure by reducing the overall number of neurons and synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations. Pruning is a process that is a general feature of mammalian neurological development. Pruning starts near the time of birth and is completed by the time of sexual maturation in humans.[1] At birth, the human brain consists of approximately 10 billion neurons.The infant brain will increase in size by a factor of up to 5 by adulthood. Two factors contribute to this growth: the growth of synaptic connections between neurons, and the myelination of nerve fibers. Generally, the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex increases until adolescence reflecting a growth of synapses.[2] A decrease in synapses is seen after adolescence reflecting synaptic pruning, and approximately 50% of neurons during development do not survive until adulthood.[3] Pruning is influenced by environmental factors and is widely thought to represent learning.

Front 14

Conservation of numbers (theorist:..................)

Back 14

PIAGET: the understanding that the number of objects remains the same when they are rearranged spatially. Piaget proposed that number conservation develops when the child reaches the stage of Concrete Operations at around 7 years of age.

Front 15

Memory: ........ IMPROVES DURING THIS PERIOD, IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ...........

Back 15

LTM, expertise increases w/ age)

Front 16

5 stages of reading development: 1

Back 16

birth through first grade: Acquiring skills for reading, including the letters of
alphabet and phonemic awareness.

Front 17

5 stages of reading development: 2

Back 17

first and second grades: Acquisition of phonological recoding skills, the ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend the sounds into words.

Front 18

5 stages of reading development: 3

Back 18

second and third grades:Gaining fluency in reading simple material.

Front 19

5 stages of reading development: 4

Back 19

fourth through eighth grades:
Developing the ability to acquire new information from print—“reading to learn, rather than learning to read” (as in earlier grades).

Front 20

5 stages of reading development: 5

Back 20

eighth through twelfth grades:Obtaining information from reading and acquiring the ability to appreciate multiple perspectives and viewpoints.

Front 21

Deductive Reasoning

Back 21

The ability to draw a logical inference from two or more pieces of information.

Front 22

Classification. Multiple classification:

Back 22

the ability to classify objects as belonging to two or more categories at the same time.

Front 23

Transformations

Back 23

the ability to think and reason about change processes.

Front 24

Words can be identified by:
o ......................... recoding: Converting the
visual form of a word into a verbal, speechlike form
o ................... based retrieval: Proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning

Back 24

Phonological, visually

Front 25

Comprehension is influenced by the amount of .............. spent reading and is
aided by: • E.................
• Automatization • Development of reading strategies • Metacognition

Back 25

time, encoding