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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Critical Periods
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Time during which specific events must take place for normal development to occur.Lerenz. Imprinitng birds
Attach to the first thing they see, no movemtn, no survival |
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Nature Vs Nurture
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inborn biological givens
social cultural influences Role of primary experiences in later development Environmental antecedents of behavior and cognition (things that happen around us) |
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Germ Cell
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The sperm and ova, which are specialized for sexual reproduction and have half the number of chromosomes normal for a species.
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Alleles
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a specific form of a gene coded for a particular trait.
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Dominant Alleles
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The allel that is expressed when an individual possesses two different alleles for the same trait
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Recessive allele
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THe allele tha tis not expressive when an individual posses two different alleles for the same trait.
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Codominance
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Outcome in which a trait that is determined by two allels is different from the trait produced by either of the contributing alleles alone.
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Genotype
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The genetic endowment of an individual
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Phenotype
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The organisms observable charactristcs that results from the interation of the gyenotype with the environment.
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Polygenic trait
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A genetic trait that is determined by the interaction of several genes
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Heritability
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A measure of the degree to which a varation in a particular trait among individuals in a specific population is related to genetic differences among those individuals.
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Sex Linked characteristics
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Treaits determined by the gene that are found on only teh x and y chromosomes
Most disorders carried by X Women are less likely to carry two XX |
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X and Y Chromosomes
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the two chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby
Femal xx Male YX |
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Proximodistal patterns
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Middle out; pattern of development out to the perphery
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Cephalocudal patterns
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Head down; a pattern od development head down.
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Homozygous
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having inherited two genes of the same allelic form for a trait.
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Heterozygous
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having inherited two genes of different allelic form for a trait.
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Germinal period
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7-10 days from conception
1-50 Sruvive; 8 million chromosome posibilities. Last until the developing organism becomes attache to the wall od the urerus. |
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Embryonic period
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2-8 weeks
The period that extends from the time the organism becomes attached to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of preganacy, when all majior oragan take primative shape. Support and structure development Amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord Major organs laid out, heart beat 4 weeks, lungs , skin, sensory receptors, Nerve cells, muscles, circulatory system , internal organs |
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Fetal period
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9 -38 weeks
Begins ninth week after conception, with the first sign of the hardening bones Refined of primitive organ system Brain and spinal cord; brain continues to develop after birth |
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Risks of malnutrition
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Imbalance between the bodies needs and the intake of nutrients
Low birth weight Abnormalities to the central nervous system; Death |
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Teratogens
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Environmental agents that cause abnormalities or death.
Damage to developing individual varies with time of exposure Spontaneous abortion |
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Alcohol effects on fetus
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Developed fetal alcohol syndrome; impaired learning, behavior in adolescents
Effects cognitive and motor function |
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Small head, smaller brain, heart defects, retardation, ADD< ADHD
Teratogens impact different women differently No such thing as safe exposure |
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Smoking effects on fetus
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Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, low birth weight
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Rubella
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German Measles
Mild rash Causes congenital heat disease, cataracts, deafness, mental retardation |
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AIDS
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Acuried Immunodefciency Syndrom
30 % get it if mother have it Virus passing; through placenta 7th leading cause of death of children under 4 |
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Rh Incompatibility
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Complex susbstance on red blood cells
Birth defect-death Inject mother so baby does not get it Blood transfusion after baby is born |
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Principals of Teratogenic effects
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Damage to developing individual varies with time of exposure
Zygote: high risk of spontaneous abortion Embryo: central nervous system damage, limb damage Fetus: cognitive development Each treogenic agent has specific impact Thalidomide-legs and arm deformities Mercury-Brain damage, Cerebral Palsy Not all developing individuals react the same way to the same agents. |
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Apgar Scale
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A quick, simple test used to diagnose the physical state of newborn infants
Heart Rate; respiratory effort; Muscle tone; Reflex responsively; Color |
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Prematurity
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Babies born before the thirty-seven weeks
2500 grams weight |
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Reflexes
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Original responses to stimuli that is:
Specific, Well-integrated “full body response”, automatic, involuntary, precursors to voluntary response |
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Emotion
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Feeling states are associated with: distinct physiological reaction, motivation to act, efforts at communication, regulation of interaction with other
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Temperament
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“goodness fit” Basic style of reaction, dominate mood
3 catogories |
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Easy babies
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Playful regular and adaptive
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Difficult babies
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Irregular irritable responses are intense
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Slow-to-warm up babies
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Low in activity level, withdrawn from situations
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Crying
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Behavior
First weeks-4 months: involuntary Indicates pain, distress, hunger, loneliness, boredom After 4 months-can be voluntary “influenced by environment” Infants only language. |
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Babinski reflex
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Foot stroked: fan and then curl (gone 8-12 months)
Replaced by voluntary grasping, indication of normal neurological development |
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Moro reflex
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(Fear or startle) Throw arms back, and then come forward
In response of being dropped or loud noise (gone 6-7months) |
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Stepping reflex
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When a baby is held upright over a flat surface he makes rhythmic leg movements. (Gone 2-6 months)
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Social smiling
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When a baby smiles whenever you smile at them
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Twin studies
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A study in which monozygotic and dizygotic twins of the same sex are compared to each other and to other family members for similarity on a given trait.
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Eugenic
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A poly of attempting to rid the gene pool of genes considered undesirable by preventing individuals who have the genes from reproducing, thereby ensuring that these genes are not passed on to the next generation.
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Naturalistic observation
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Observation of the actual behaviors of people in the course of their everyday lives and record what’s happening
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Endogenous
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The term applies to the cause of development that arise as consequence of the organisms biological heritage.
Development occurs as a result of inborn capacities, bilogical herutage i. Unique to humans ii. Unique to our own genetic inheritance iii. Causes of development that arise as a consequence of the organisms biological heritage. |
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Exogenous
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The term applied to causes of development that come from the environment, particularly from the adults who shape children’s behavior and beliefs.
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Genes
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The segments on a DNA molecule that act as hereditary blueprint for the organisms development.
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Chromosomes
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Threadlike structure made up of DNA molecules and genes; 46
Blueprints of heredity Code for portions not behavior |
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Zygote
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First single cell at conception
Divides over course of first two weeks “46” 23mom 23dad |
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Jean Locke
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English philosopher
That infants inter the world as “blank slate” (their minds are tabula rasa) Course of experiencing their environment, the guidance of their elders shapes them. “head star” |
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Jacque Rousseau
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French philosopher
Child are born “pure” with natural goodness that is gradually enriched though caring and careful education or is corrupted by civilization. Wrote a book Emile “every child” |
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Industrial revolution and the “Creation of childhood”
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Children had to work on cool minds and help out with work so that their parents could make enough money to stay alive, 6 years old working
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Neoteny
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Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adults of a species, as among certain amphibians.
The attainment of sexual maturity by an organism still in its larval stage. |
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Babyness
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Distinguishing a baby from an adult
Big head, prominent forehead, large eyes below the middle of face, round full cheeks. Appeals to adults |
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John Bowlby
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Founder of attachment on the central debates:
Primacy-infants ability to form secure attachments in first two years establishes attachment style for life. Discontinuous-there are stages/qualitative shift in attachment Nurture-it is parental responsively that creates the attachment. All infants from enduring emotional bonds (attachment: Beyond need of physical nourishment Harlow’s wire mesh monkeys studies support the theory Diss-attachment or disinterest in relationships Only comes after losing a primary caregiver Attachment does have a biological purpose Helps infants maintain physical security from predators Helps infants feel safe when exploring the environment |
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Stages of attachment
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Stages of attachment
1. pr-attachment a. Birth to 6 weeks i. No awareness of being dependent on caregivers ii. No awareness of being Independent form caregivers iii. Infant allow other people to take care of them 2. Attachment in the making a. weeks to 6-8 weeks i. Infant learn distinguish 1. Between caregiver and self 2. between caregiver and stranger ii. Infant develop “worries” 3. Clear cut attachment a. 6-8 months 18024 months b. Separation anxiety i. Visceral fear of physical separation from mother 4. Reciprocal relationship a. 24 months and after i. Children can contribute to equilibrium of interactions ii. Childs responsively to parents increases iii. Mirroring of affect becomes ore mutual iv. Response-an intentional action from another person. |
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Internal working models
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Infants from mental representations of attachment that becomes the map for all future relationships
Schema for how relationships will be experienced Primary task of caregiver in firs two years is to offer infant a secure base |
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Secure base
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Solid emotional bonds
Foundation for being in the world Security to explore world, without it you do not Security of identity, self of self Infant self is the relationship with the caregivers Infant self is the attachment Infant “me”= me and mom |
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Separation anxiety
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8 months to 18-24 object permanence
Cognitive awareness that objects exit when they are not in sight “out of site out of mind” Cognitive model for the relationship when the caregiver is not physically present. Visceral fear of physical separation from mom |
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Theory of mind
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THe ability to think about other peoples mental statesand form theories of how they think.
Control someone’s mind-be able to fool them “can’t lie” |
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Perceptual salience
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1. Understanding is dominated by single most perceptually salient features
a. Whose is older is who is taller b. Cant tell the difference between appearance and reality c. Halloween mask, Maynard the cat studies 2. Can’t playfully deceive another “can’t lie” a. Children don’t have the theory of mind i. Control someone’s mind-be able to fool them ii. Do you feel bad you ate the cookie |
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Geocentricism
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The world is seen solely on perspective
Inability to understand what happens in another’s feeling or mind (talking on the phone and showing them a picture threw phone) |
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Schema
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A mental structure that provides an organism with a model for action similar or analogous circumstances.
Unit of psychological functioning Mental construction or representationf of events Provides model for action in future, simlar situation Eacmple: reflex are primitive schema |
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Piaget
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Swiss biologist
Observed his own kids 1. Development=Biology and environment a. Reciprocal roles in development change b. Baby influences own development i. Baby influences environment ii. Menotnee -babyness iii. Activity tries to mast environment, iv. Knowledge is constructed though action |
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Baumrind
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Two dimensional classification of parenting styles
1. Demandigness: a. Setting very high standards for children b. Expecting children to achieve these standards c. Setting little to no standards d. Rarely trying to influence children behavior 2. Responsiveness: a. Accepting of children b. Engaging in open discussion or verbal give and take i. Weather or not children have a say ii. VS Rejecting and unresponsive |
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Rites of passage
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Rituals that marks coming of age, turing 18, 21, vote, drink Drive
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Puberty
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Become hairy
Femals- menarche 11-15 Period Males-ejaculation, before voice changed, 13-14 |
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Learned helplessness
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The hoplessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
Martin Sligman (dogs shock) |
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Harlow monkey studies
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1962)
Control group-rhesus monkeys raised by biological mothers Experimental group-wire mesh moms-bottle fed by wire mesh monkeys Terrycloth monkeys also in cage, but no bottle Terrycloth mom-bottle fed by terrycloth monkeys Wire mesh monkey also in cage, but no bottle (primates like faces) Results Infants monkeys clung to terrycloth mother weather or not they had the bottle Infants in both experimental group: Grew up to be more aggressive and fearful than in control group As adults could not engage in normal sexual relationships Self destructive across life span, hair pulling, gnawing on slef. Conclusion Biological imperative or comfort contact Terrycloth mom were not sufficient to give enough affection Now more than just comfort, caregiver, heart rate |
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Gender differences and attachment
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1. Mothers more likely to reflets affect, nurture
a. More verbal 2. Fathers are more likely to play a. More physical 3. True even if father is primary cargiver 4. True cross cultural 5. father more likely to be securely attached to their sons if: a. father is extrovertes b. father has a psotive attitude tward parenting 6. less likely attached to infant if: a. Infant is disabled or unattractive b. Men are more visual c. Martial relationships is distresses 7. Infants can establish solid and secure bonds with more than one cargive ( two is optimal” |
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Infant’s sense of Self
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6 months old
Self awareness “seeing one self in mirror Experience new emotion No what good and bad |
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Categories of attachment
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Secure attachment; Anxious/Avoidant attachment; Anxious /resistant attachment
Secure attachment 1. Comfortable with mom there a. Exploring room 2. Distressed when mom leaves a. Can be comfortable by mom when she comes back and they will go back to exploring 3. Long term patters in relationship a. Self confident, self sooth, belief in relationships, trust Anxious/Avoidant attachment 1. Indifferent to mom presence 2. Equally comforted by mom and stranger 3. Does not look at mom for comfort upon return a. Long tem pattern of relationship i. Avoid intimacy of people ii. Fear dependence iii. Lack of trust in others iv. Low faith in relationships Anxious /resistant attachment (two different feelings at the same time) 1. anxious in moms absence 2. Difficulty at mom absences 3. distressed at mom absence 4. not being comforted by her return 5. cannot return to play a. Long term patters in relationships b. Desire intimacy, fear of it, overly close, overly far “come close. Go away” c. Extreme dependence; extreme independence d. Lack of trust in other , Disorganized mental health problems |
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Strange Situation
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Technique for measuring quality of attachment
A procedure designed to assess children attachment on the basis of their response to a stronger when they are with their mothers, when they are left alone, when they are reunited with their mothers. \ Procedures 1. Mother and infant enter the room 2. mother sit, infant explores 3. stranger enters 4. mother leave room 5. mother returns to room, stranger leaves room 6. Mother leaves room 7. stranger returns to room 8. mother returns to room, stranger leaves Measures child’s ability: Explore Be comfortable by mother; Be comforted by a stranger |
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Mary Ainsworth
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She designed the procedure strange situation
Studied with Bowlby John hopkins |
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Spatial perspective taking
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“Three mountain problem”
They only see what they actually see and can not think about what the other person sees A failure to take another person perspective |
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Piaget and Inhelder: mountain diorama studies
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Part of the Spatial perspective taking, where children look at what the other child is looking at but when asked what the child sees on the other side they still think they see the same thing as them.
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Egocentric speech
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When two children take conversational turns, but do not engage in real conversation with each other. “collective monologues”
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Maynard the Cat studies
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They would put at mask on a cat and ask kids questions to figure out if it is still the cat or not, 3 year olds have a hard time with this but ages older can figure it out.
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Flavell studies on dif between
Appearance and reality |
They showed the children many different things that looked like other things to see if kids could figure out what they were
3 year olds usually got it wrong, 4 year olds transition stage, 5 answered them like adults |
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Flavell studies on dif between Precausal Reasoning
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When children are asking a lot of question on why and how? This is because they are unable to figure out cause and effect situations.
Percausal thinking-the reasoning of young children that does not follow the procedures of ethical deductive or inductive reasoning. |
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Spatial perspective taking
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“Three mountain problem”
They only see what they actually see and can not think about what the other person sees A failure to take another person perspective |
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Piaget and Inhelder: mountain diorama studies
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Part of the Spatial perspective taking, where children look at what the other child is looking at but when asked what the child sees on the other side they still think they see the same thing as them.
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Egocentric speech
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When two children take conversational turns, but do not engage in real conversation with each other. “collective monologues”
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Maynard the Cat studies
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They would put at mask on a cat and ask kids questions to figure out if it is still the cat or not, 3 year olds have a hard time with this but ages older can figure it out.
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Flavell studies on dif between
Appearance and reality |
They showed the children many different things that looked like other things to see if kids could figure out what they were
3 year olds usually got it wrong, 4 year olds transition stage, 5 answered them like adults |
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Flavell studies on dif between Precausal Reasoning
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When children are asking a lot of question on why and how? This is because they are unable to figure out cause and effect situations.
Percausal thinking-the reasoning of young children that does not follow the procedures of ethical deductive or inductive reasoning. |
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Nature
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The inherited bilogical predisposition of the individual
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Nurture
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the influence of social and cultrual environment on the individual.
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