Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
4 ways to define abnormality |
1. Medical model 2. Behavioral model 3. Consensual model 4. Statistical Model |
|
|
Medical model |
-most prevalent approach -mental illness or disease -behavioral disorder is seen as a symptom of the underlying disease -the disease not the symptoms should be treated |
|
|
Behavioral model |
-focuses exclusively on behavior and effect of behavior -rejects the "underlying disease" notion |
|
|
Consensual model |
-abnormality is seen as something considered innapropriate by society -the same behavior may be seen as entirely acceptable in another society |
|
|
Statistical model |
-abnormality is defined as being deviant from average behavior |
|
|
Abnormal Behavior may involve any of the following or any combination |
-cognition(thought)-behavior (actions)-affects (feelings, moods, and emotions) |
|
|
Types of ADHD |
ADHD Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type ADHD combined type ADHD Not Otherwise Specified |
|
|
Conduct Disorders |
Relatively enduring behavioral patterns consisting of un-socialized aggressive reactions Often bullies, initiates fights, deliberately destroys property, truant, breaks into houses,etc. |
|
|
Conduct Disorders and Substance Abuse |
-very common -3 times more likely to smoke -2.5 more times likely to drink -5 times more likely to smoke weed |
|
|
Conduct Disorders and ADHD |
Not a good combo.. Kids with ADHD are mean without thinking about consequences Kids with CD are mean on purpose |
|
|
Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
Physchiatric Disorder characterized by: Aggressiveness Purposefully bother and irritate others -argue with adults -defy adults rules -blames everyone else for mistakes -easily annoyed -begins between age 1&3 -18% of children when parents are alcoholics and father has trouble with the law |
|
|
Girls with CD |
-have worse health -6 times more likely to abuse drugs -8 times more likely to smoke -twice the number of sexual partners -twice as likely to have STDS -three times more likely to get pregnant |
|
|
CD treatment |
-behavior modification -professionals work with families -need tight supervision -healthy and strong families -limit exposure to violence |
|
|
Physical problems caused or influenced by stress |
Real physical problems caused or influenced by stress |
|
|
Innapropriate urination |
Enuresis |
|
|
If a child is given imipramine hcl for enuresis |
(Tofranil) They need to drink plenty of fluids and be spritzed with water frequently when outside and the need to be weaned off. It reduces sweating. |
|
|
Courts in ______ states. |
45 |
|
|
desmopressin |
treats enuresis- can be sniffed in a nasal spray. works 80% of the time in 80% of children |
|
|
behavioral therapy for enuresis |
-buzzer pad -placed in pajamas or under sheet -wetness sounds as alarm |
|
|
children affected with asthma |
2-3% |
|
|
what happens to asthmatic children at hospitals |
approximately 30% of asthmatic children who are admitted to hospitals lose most symptoms immediately - but theyreappear when the child returns home |
|
|
Turnbull (1962) |
(asthma) a possible psychological cause -shaping of infant crying -not a very accurate concept that contributed to misunderstanding -most likely an inappropriate response by the immune system |
|
|
treatment of asthma |
-Assessment of possible allergens -Elimination of allergens -dust mites (hard-wood floors, washing bed clothes in hot water, etc.) -Medication (albuterol during attacks) (spiriva, singulair, and advair for prevention) -Allergy injections -Deep muscle relaxation |
|
|
Exercise-induced asthma |
-Incidence: 10 to 15% -Definition: acute lung airway narrowing that occurs during and/or after physical activity |
|
|
Other fairly common psychosomatic disorders |
-rheumatoid arthritis -ulcerated colitis -peptic ulcers |
|
|
Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) |
more severe physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause -ex. paralysis, tremors, blindness, and anesthesia (loss of feeling) |
|
|
Anxieties (neurotic reactions) |
fairly severe feeling of discomfort either associated unrealistically with some anticipated circumstance or with nodirectly traceable situation at all. -anxiety states in young children have both psychological andphysiological aspects |
|
|
physiological occurences with anxiety |
heart palpitations heavy breathing shaking |
|
|
3 common types of anxiety in children |
Contagious - occurs when child is exposed to neuroticallyanxious adults whose behavior is imitated Traumatic - response to a sudden, unexpected, frightened event with which the child cannot cope Conflict - results from threatening, opposing inner conflicts |
|
|
Phobias |
profound and unrealistic fears of particular events or objects,people, or circumstances |
|
|
Jursild and Homes (1935) |
identified a number of fearscommon to childhood. Some of these decreased after about age 6, others increased decrease -noise, strangers, shadows, unexpected movements increase - animals, dreams, threats of dange |
|
|
Systematic Desensitization |
systematically desensitizing the individual to the fear stimulus (bath tub full of spiders) -helps learn deep muscle relaxation techniques |
|
|
developing the hierarchy |
-fear stimulus.. elevators -scale of 1-10.. moves down one until fear is resolved -hierarchy is completed until fear is gone |
|
|
Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder |
obsessions - recurring thoughts compulsions - recurring behavior |
|
|
Childhood Psychoses |
-various aspects of a child's behavior may be exaggerated or bizarre -no single set of symptoms occurs often enough to make diagnoses easy -two major categories childhood schitzophrenia and infantile autism |
|
|
first to make the distinction between schizophrenia and autism |
Leo Kanner (1943 |
|
|
childhood schizophrenia and infantile austism difference |
CS- children who once had socialrelationships, but later withdrew IA-children withdrawn from social relationships from the beginning of life |
|
|
childhood schizophrenia |
-age of onset can be as early as 2 yrs -most likely between 8 yrs of age and adolescence -inadequate language development -peculiar speech -inability to cope with novel situations -lacks personal identity -shows motor disturbances, seclusiveness, repetitive movements, and emotional blundering -hallucinations and delusions are not common as inadult forms -higher prevalence in malesh. occurs more often in some families -accounts for about 10% of mental health clinic referrals |
|
|
infantile autism |
-behavior seems determined by own inner thoughts -does not look other children in the eye -socially withdrawn- may fail to communicate -appears generally immature and intellectually disabled -responds to objects in the way that most children respond to people -slow in developing (head banging and rocking) |
|
|
autism has attracted attention because |
-it is extremely deviant and bizarre behavior -it is highly destructive -it has been highly resistant to traditional methods of treatment |
|
|
Rimland |
-studied autism -neurological deficiencies |
|
|
Kanner & Bettelheim |
lack of parental affection |
|
|
Measles is on the rise where? |
In England- they don't want to vaccinate their kids because they think it causes autism |
|
|
reinforcement vs. punishment |
reinforcement- Increases the probability of a bit of behavior occurring again in the future punishment-Decreases the probability of a bit of behavior occurring again in the future. |
|
|
positive and negative reinforcement |
positive- add something to the environment that the organism likes negative- take something out that the organism does not like |
|
|
positive and negative punishment |
positive- adding something to the environment that the organism does not like negative- taking something out that the organism likes |
|
|
Intellectual Disability (Disorder) |
-significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning -assessed by IQ tests -significantly sub-average adaptive behavior -Assessed by adaptive behavior scales |
|
|
Pervasive Developmental Disorders |
-will be autism -difficulties in communication skills -difficulties in motor skills -difficulties in social skills -Aspergers, Rett's, Heller's Disease |
|
|
Hans Asperger |
published paper describing a pattern of behaviors in severalyoung boys |
|
|
CDD (Heller's Disease) |
-children with CDD develop normally until two to three years of age andthen begin to disintegrate rapidly -loss of bladder and bowel control -Lose interest or ability to play and engage in social activities |
|
|
Rett's Syndrome |
-found almost exclusively in girls -cells in the brain experience difficulty in communicating with each other -the growth of the head falls behind the growth of the body |
|
|
child abuse criminal liability |
existed only when the case resulted in "permenant injury" |
|
|
Mary Ellen Wilson |
-she was beat, poor nutrition, lack of clothing, locked in a room not allowed to go outside -Mrs. Wheeler witnessed the result of abuse/neglect |
|
|
first juvenile court |
-1899 -The objective in each case was not to save children from cruel or abusive parents, but to save society from future delinquency -the children, not their parents were institutionalized |
|
|
child abuse used to be seen as a problem of |
poverty |
|
|
Why did emergency-room doctors not discover child abuse? |
-Emergency room doctors did not think that "abuse“ was possible -could not believe that parents could cause such damage to their children -believed the stories that the children were told to tell them |
|
|
what was the downfall of x-rays on childrens brains |
it was in black and white and did not show the horrifying bloody assault |
|
|
Ecological Integration Mode |
a model for helping to explain child abuse or maltreatment 4 factors -Ontogenic Development -Microsystem -Exosystem -Macrosystem |
|
|
Ontogeny |
development of the individual |
|
|
the microsystem |
the family of the abused child |
|
|
The exosystem |
the world of work and the neighborhood |
|
|
The macrosystem |
society |
|
|
Know about menarche. |
a girl's first menses- signaling that she has begun ovulation |
|
|
Know the sequence of physical changes in puberty for girls. |
(in order) -nipple growth -a few pubic hairs -growth spurt -widening of hips -menses -full pubic hair -breast maturation (avg age 12 years 8 months) |
|
|
Know the chemicals that regulate sleep, moods, hunger and stress. |
hormones |
|
|
Know about the sex hormones. |
estradiol testosterone |
|
|
Know about malnutrition and puberty. |
it delays puberty |
|
|
What BMI indicates anorexia? |
under 18 |
|
|
Know about young people who have been exploited sexually. |
-correlates with depression and drug abuse -cognitive development is slow and schoolwork is very hard -STIs are more common and more dangerous |
|
|
Know about STIs. |
-teenagers have higher rates (15-25) -women more likely because they have more sexual secretions - |
|
|
When is the brain fully mature? |
25 |
|
|
How often do adolescents think about themselves? |
they center on themselves alot more during puberty |
|
|
Know about adolescent egocentrism. |
thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them |
|
|
Know about the invincibility fable. |
an adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving |
|
|
According to Piaget, what type of reasoning characterized adolescence? |
deductive |
|
|
According to Erikson, what happens during adolescence? |
find one's own identity |
|
|
What percent of HS students in the United Stated identify themselves as gay or lesbian? |
3% |
|
|
What is suicide ideation? |
thinking about suicide |
|
|
What is parasuicide? |
any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death |
|
|
What are the most common substances abused by adolescents? |
alcohol marijuana |
|
|
At what age is the beginning of adulthood? |
18 |
|
|
At what age do all body systems operate optimally? |
18-24 |
|
|
Know about the changes that occur for males at age 50. |
ED |
|
|
What percent of obese children became adults of normal weight? |
50% |
|
|
What percent of students take out student loans? |
2/3 |
|
|
Compared to women, how are men’s relationships different? |
hookups vs. commitment |
|
|
What is enmeshment? |
parents involved in the thoughts and actions of their children |
|
|
According to Erickson, what stage are adolescents in? |
the identity crisis |
|
|
cohabitation and marriage |
did not improve it.. doesnt affect it |
