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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
continuous development
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idea that changes occur gradually
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discontinuous development
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idea that changes include occassional large shifts
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stage theories
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proposes development involves series of discontinuous, age-related phases
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sociocultural context
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physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances=environment
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interrater reliability
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amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
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test-retest reliability
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degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions
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validity
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degree to which a test measures what it is intended to
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internal validity
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degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that researcher manipulated
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external validity
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degree to which results can be generalized beyond particulars of research
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structured interview
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same questions to all participants
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clinical interview
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interview specific questions
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structured observation
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identical situation to all participants
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direction-of-causation problem
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concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which variable is the cause of the other
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third-variable problem
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correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable
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cross-sectional design
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research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time
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microgenetic design
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same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time
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epigenesis
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emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development
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embryology
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study of prenatal development
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gametes (germ cells)
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egg and sperm
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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embryo
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3rd to 8th week of prenatal development
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fetus
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9th week to birth
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phylogenic continuity
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common evolutionary history humans share with other animals
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apoptosis
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genetically programmed cell death
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placenta
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support organ for fetus
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cephalocaudal development
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pattern of growth in which head develops earlier than areas farther from the head
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sensitive period
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developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors
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dose-response relation
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effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure
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swaddling
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soothing technique, tightly wrapping bathing in cloths/blankets
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colic
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excessive, inconsolable crying
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low birth weight
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less than 5.5 pounds
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premature
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35 weeks or earlier (3 weeks early)
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small for gestational age
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babies that weigh less than normal for gestational age
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developmental resilience
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successful development in spite of multiple developmental hazards
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phenotype
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observable expression of the genotype, body characteristics, and behavior
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crossing over
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sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other
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regulator genes
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control activity of other genes
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alleles
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two or more different forms of a gene
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polygenic inheritance
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inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene
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norm of reaction
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all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype
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phenylketonuria
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disorder related to defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine
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temporal lobe
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associated with memory, visual recognition, emotion and auditory info
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parietal lobe
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spatial processing, integrating sensory input with information stored in memory
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frontal lobe
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organizing behavior, planning ahead
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association areas
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between major sensory and motor areas that process and integrate input from those areas
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cerebral hemisphere
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sensory input from one side of the brain to the opposite hemisphere of the brain
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cerebral lateralization
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phenomenon that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different modes of processing
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neurogenesis
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proliferation of neurons through cell division
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experience-expectant plasticity
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normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of the kinds of general experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have
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experience-dependant plasticity
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neural connections created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experiences
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secular trends
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marked changes in physical development that have occured over generations
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failure-to-thrive (nonorganic) (FTT)
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condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason
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marasmus
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malnutrition brought about by ingestion of too few calories
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kwashiorkor
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malnutrition brought about by inadequate protein
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