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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rate-of-Living Theories
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Limited energy
Excess calories: “eat less – live longer” |
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Hayflick limit
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limited number of times a cell can
divide |
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cross-linking
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Proteins (collagen) interact randomly
and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer -The more cross-links there are, the stiffer the tissue |
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free radicals
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-unstable molecules
- highly reactive chemicals created in normal metabolism |
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__________ may cause cellular damage, which
impairs the functioning of the organ or may block the effects of important molecules |
Free Radicals
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Programmed-Cell-Death Theories
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Aging programmed into genetic code
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Presbyopia
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(difficulties seeing close objects) due to
declined ability of the lens to adjust and focus |
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cataracts
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opaque spots on lens limit amount of light
transmitted foggy vision and eventual blindness |
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reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones;
Caused by four types of changes in the inner ear, namely: sensory, neural, metabolic, mechanical |
Presbycusis
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Myocardial infarction
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Heart attack
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Cerebrovascular accident
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Stroke
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Ability to detect different tastes _______ gradually
• BUT: number of taste cells do not change across lifespan |
declines
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What is the balance system?
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The vestibular system
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What are the characteristics of osteoarthric bone tissue?
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Loss of bone mass inside the bone
makes bones more hollow and porous |
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leading cause of broken bones in older
women |
Osteoporosis
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Climacteric:
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Perimenopause leads into menopause (ovaries will
stop releasing eggs) |
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Menstrual cycle becomes irregular, and finally stops
– Changes in reproductive organs and sexual functioning – Decreases in estrogen and progesterone levels |
Perimenopause
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brain + spinal cord
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central nervous system
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across adulthood, circadian rhythm moves from _________ pattern
of sleep to a ________ pattern |
two-phase, multi phase
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What are the two major causes of death in middle adulthood?
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Cardiovascular diseases and cancer
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Gradual decline in fertility
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climacteric
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decreased elasticity of the skin; loss of bone mass
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osteoporosis
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Atherosclerosis
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loss of estrogen’s protection against accumulation of
plaque on the walls of the arteries |
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Effects of drop in estrogen following menopause
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• reproductive organs shrink in size; genitals are less easily
stimulated; vagina lubricate more slowly • decreased elasticity of the skin; loss of bone mass |
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Where is muscle and fat gained in middle adulthood for men and women?
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Men: upper abdomen, back
Women: waist, upper arms |
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Age-Related Changes in the Absence of
Physical Activity |
Muscle mass declines whereas total weight and the
amount of fat increases |
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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is the amount of daily energy expended
• while at complete rest • in a neutrally temperate environment and • with no digestive activity. |
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the individual’s body
weight divided by the square of his or her height |
Body Mass Index
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Adult Onset Diabetes Type II
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Too little insulin or body cells insensitive to insulin
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diabetes mellitus
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Type II diabetes
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Angina pectoris
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chest pain (oxygen deprived heart)
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Hormone therapy
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low daily doses of estrogen to reduce the physical
discomforts of menopause |
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-estrogen alone
• for women who have had hysterectomies (removal of uterus) |
Estrogen replacement therapy
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Hormone replacement therapy
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estrogen plus progesterone
• for all other women • reduces risk of cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), a serious side effect of hormone therapy |
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emotional component, expression of concern about the
other’s well-being, involves warm, tender communication |
Intimacy
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desire for sexual activity and romance, the physical- and
psychological-arousal component |
Passion
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cognitive component, leading partners to decide that they
are in love and to maintain in love |
Commitment
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Divorce Rate increases/decreases with Age?
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decreases
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Middle Adulthood
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Intimacy Vs. Isolation
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Early Adulthood
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Ego integrity vs. despair
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Late Adulthood
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Ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
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after retirement, people must find other ways of affirming
their self-worth – through family, friendship, & community |
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Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
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older adults must transcend physical limitations by
emphasizing compensatory rewards/means/goals |
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Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
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must face the reality of death constructively
• continued effort making life “better” for the next generation |
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an “evolutionary” view that traditional gender roles are maintained
during the active parenting years to help ensure the survival of children, but after children reach adulthood, parents are free to express the “other-gender” side of their personality |
Parental imperative Theory
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Life Events View
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Midlife changes simply
adaptation to normal life events |
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Stage View
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Midlife changes are
developmental transitions or crises |
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Describe some changes in personality in late adulthood
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• greater acceptance of change
• more agreeable • less sociable |
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are typical patterns of interactions in which an elder's dependency behaviors (such as needing help with tying their shoes) are attended to immediately. This type of action ultimately reinforces these behaviors
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dependency support script
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are patterns of interactions in which an elder's independent behaviors (such as being able to tie their shoes on their own) are ignored. As a result, these behaviors occur less often
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Independence- Ignore script
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Mutual withdrawal of elders and society in
anticipation of death |
disengagement theory
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activity theory
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Social barriers cause declining interaction;
not the desires of elders |
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Strive to maintain consistency between
past and future |
continuity theory
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focus on emotional rewarding contacts;
• more selective in social partners with age • Emphasize emotion-regulating functions of social contact |
socioemotional selectivity theory
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