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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Ecological Model
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Microsystem- a person's immediate surroundings
Exosystems- local institutions, such as schools & church Macrosystem- larger social setting, including cultural values, economic |
Human in Circles
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Life Span Development
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science of human development seeks to understand how and why people- all kinds of people everywhere
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Observations
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Way to collect data
- record behavior systematically and objectively - occur in a naturalistic setting - tries to be unobtrusive - can occur in lab or in searches of archival data |
deer eating grass
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Survey data collections
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- info is collected from a large # of people by:
1. interview 2. questionnaire 3. some other means - wording and questions can influence answers |
Laker Stadium
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Experiment
(What do experiments allow us to say about "cause") |
-an investigator seeks whether a group exposed to a special treatment exhibits a difference in behavior than a group not exposed to the treatments
DETAILS - random assignment of subjects to a condition of the experiment - 1grp is exposed to a specific condition - iv- imposed treatment experiment group= given particular treatment control group= does not get the treatment - dependent variable= specific behavior being studied used to establish clause |
NAZI CAMPS
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Case Study
(Does a case study allow us to make casual inferences?) |
-intensive study of one individual or situation
- asking about past history - current thinking -future plans - can provide unanticipated insight |
Leroy Hanes Johnny
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Correlational research
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- Correlation doesn't mean there is a casual relation
- correlation indicated the degree of relationship between two variables - a correlation is positive if both variables tend to increase and decrease together - a correlation is negative if one variable tend to increase when the other decreases - a correlation is zero if no connection is evident. |
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cross sectional research
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- designed to compare groups of poeple who differ in age but share other important characteristics such as education, SES, ethnicity
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Britney and Madonna
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longitudinal research
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design in which same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeated assessed
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children's adjustment to divorce
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cross sequential research
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designed to 1st study several groups of different ages and then follow those groups over the year
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Adult intelligence
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Gene
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basic unit for the transmission of heredity instructions
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genotype
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a person's entire genetic inheritance, including genes that are not expressed in the person
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white domance
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phenotype
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all the genetic traits, including physical characteristics and behavioral tendencies, that are expressed in a person
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Taba and rude
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Monozygotic Twins
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twins who have identical genes because they were formed from one zygote that split into two identical organism very clearly in development
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1 < B
B |
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Dizygotic twins
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twins formed when two separate ova were fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. Such twins share about half their genes, like any other siblings.
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1- B
1- B |
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Critical period
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In prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part is most susceptible on teratogenic damage.
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teratogens
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agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, chemical, stressor, and malnutrition that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death
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threshold effect
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the phenomenon in which a particular teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful when exposure reaches a certain level.
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works like cancer
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low birth rate and very low birthrate
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low birth rate = less than 5 1/2 pds (2,500 grams)
very low birthrate = less than 3pds (1,500 grams) |
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Main causes for low birth weight
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Poverty and Malnutrition (tobacco
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neuron
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a nerve cell of the central nervous system. Neurons are in the brain
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W-[][][][][][]- K |
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axon
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the single nerve fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
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W-[][][][][][]- K |
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dendrites
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nerve fibers that extend from a neuron and receive the impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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\/
W-[][][][][][]- K |
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synapse
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the point at which the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of another neuron
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\/
W-[][][][][][]- K [][][][][][]- K |
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# of neurons in brain at birth
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100 Billion
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Cortex (Why important?)
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The outer layer of the brain, about an eight of an inch thick. This area is involved in the voluntary, cognitive aspects of the mind.
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What percentage of its adult weight is a newborn's body weight?
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25%
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transient exuberance
(What is the increase in dendrites by age 2?) |
The great increase in the number of neurons, dendrites, and synapses that occurs in an infant's brain over the first 2 years of life.
5x increase from birth to age 2 |
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Breast is best.. why?
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Breast milk is alwasy sterile and at body temperature. It contains more iron, vitamin C, and vitamin A than cow's or goat's milk; it provides antibodies to protect against any disease that the mother is immunized against.
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fine motor skills
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physical skills involving small body movements, especially with the hands and fingers
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picking up a coin
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reflexes
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-breathing reflex
- maintain body temperature -sucking reflex |
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Affordance
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Each of the various opportunities for perception, action, and interaction that an object or place offers to any individual
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Lemon
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object permanence
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the realization that objects (including people) still exist even they cannot be seen, touched or heard
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Peek a boo
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sensorimotor intelligence
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Piaget's term for the intelligence of infants during the first (sensorimotor) period of cognitive development, when babies think by using the senses and motor skills.
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visual cliff
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an apparent ( but not actual) drop between one surface and another. The illusion of the cliff is created by connecting a transparent glass surface to an opaque patterned one, with the floor below the glass the same pattern as the opaque surface.
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babbling
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the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as "ba-ba-ba" that begins at about 6-7 months
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holophrase
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A single word that expresses a complete thought
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When do most babies speak?
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1 year old
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stranger anxiety
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a fear of unfamiliar people, exhibited (if at all) by infants over the age of about 6 months.
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separation anxiety (when emerges?)
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an infant's fear of being left by his or her cargiver. Emerges 8 to 9 months
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Oral Stage
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Freud's term for the frist stage of psychosexual development, in which the infant gains pleasure through sucking and biting
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Anal Stage
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Freud's second stage of psychosexual development, in which the anus becomes the main source of bodily pleasure and control of defecation and toilet training are therefore important activities.
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Trust vs Mistrust
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Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development, in which the infant experiences the world either as secure and comfortable or as unpredictable and uncomfortable
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Randal or Sean
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Autonomy verse shame and doubt
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Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development , in which the toddler struggles for self- control but feels shame and doubt about his or her abilities if it is not achieved
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Ryanne
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attachment
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an enduring emotional connection between people that produces a desire for continual contact as well as feelings of distress during separations
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synchrony
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coordinated interaction between infant and parent ( or other caregiver) in which each individual responds to and influences another
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goodness of fit
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the degree to which a child's temperament matches the demands of his or her environment
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Motherese (Why helpful?)
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special form of language that adults use when they talk to babies, with shorter, more emphatic sentences and higher, more melodious pitch.
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language acquisition device
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Chomsky's term for brain structure or organziation that he hypothesized was responsible for the innate human ability to acquire language, including the basic aspects of grammar.
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Chomsky
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all young children worldwide master the rudiments of grammar and that all do so at approximately the same age. The human brain is uniquely equipped with some sort of structure or organization that facilitates languages development.
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strange situation experiment
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used to assess an infant's attachment to a caregiver. The infant's behavior is observed in an unfamiliar room while the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the room.
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secure attachment
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a caregiver- infant relationships that provides comfort and confidence as evidence first by the infants attempts to be close to the caregiver and then by the infants readiness to explore
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insecure attachment
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a caregiver- infant relationship characterized by the child's over dependence on, or lack of interest in, the caregiver and by a lack of confidence on the part of the child
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epigenetic systems theory
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a developmental theory that emphasizes the genetic origins of behavior but also stresses that genes, over time, are directly and systematically affected by many environmental forces.
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temperament
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the set of innate tendencies, or dispositions, that underlie and affect each person's interactions with people, situation, and events
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