Developmental Neurobiology

Front 1

What is Neurogenesis, and what's one chemical often used in it?

Back 1

cell proliferation & cell creation;

beta catenin

Front 2

Cell Differentiation

Back 2

development of a cellular phenotype

Front 3

Cell Migration

Back 3

movement of cells to their final locations

Front 4

Pathseeking

Back 4

creation of connections, aka neurite outgrowth, synapse formation

Front 5

What is Apoptosis?

What causes it?

Back 5

programmed cell death, caused by lack of neurotrohpic factors

Front 6

What do Caspases do, and how do they work?

Back 6

cause cell death by cleaving (cutting peptide bonds) on proteins at the carboxy-terminals of amino acids connecting to the amino acid aspartate

Front 7

Beta Catenin

Back 7

an example of a protein that stimulates cell division in stem cells; NEUROGENESIS

Front 8

Reelin

Back 8

a chemical telling cells to stop migrating

Front 9

Where does Adult Neurogenesis occur?

Back 9

*hippocampus
*olfactory bulb
*perhaps in other areas

Front 10

Achaete-scute Proteins

Back 10

let a cell become a support cell

Front 11

bHLH Transcription Factors

Back 11

let cell become a neuronal precursor

Front 12

CNTF in glial development leads to...

Back 12

leads to astrocytes

Front 13

PDGF in glial development leads to...

Back 13

leads to oligodendrocytes

Front 14

Radial Glial Cells

Back 14

An early appearing glial cell (Radial Glia) is also attached to the ventricular surface and pial surface.

SCAFFOLDING IN THE EPENDYMAL LAYER

Front 15

Inside out Development of the Neocortex: explain!

Back 15

Cells created early in development occupy the lowest layer of the cortex, those that develop late in development are found at the surface.

Front 16

Neurotrophic Factor: explain

Back 16

if target cell number was increased a greater number of presynaptic cells survived. The chemicals released from target cells that have these properties are called Neurotrophic Factors – peptides.

Front 17

Neurotrophins: example, and function

Back 17

Are neurotrophic factors

examples: NGF, BDNF, Neurotropin 3, Neurotrophin 4

Front 18

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (trk A, B, C); what are they and how do they work?

Back 18

All receptors for neurotrophic factors are tyrosine kinase receptors; the activation of which, in a similar fashion to G protein activation, stimulates second messenger pathways and regulates gene transcription

Front 19

Cadherins, Laminin

Back 19

examples of chemoaffinity chemicals found in the extracellular fluids

Front 20

Semaphorins, Netrin

Back 20

examples of chemoaffinity chemicals found on cell surfaces

Front 21

Cones

Back 21

color-sensitive receptors in eyes

Front 22

Rods

Back 22

non-color sensitive receptors in eyes

Front 23

Retinal Ganglia Cells

Back 23

axons which form the optic nerve

Front 24

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus has 6 layers. Which are ipsalateral; which are contralateral?

Back 24

ipsalateral: 1, 4, 6
contralateral: 2, 3, 5

Front 25

Area V1 (Striate Cortex):

Where is it, and what else is it called?

Back 25

in occipital lobe; = Primary visual cortex = Calcarine cortex

Front 26

Principles behind experienced induced alternation of visual circuitry

Back 26

Hebbian:

FIRE TOGETHER WIRE TOGETHER

OUT OF SYNC LOSE YOUR LINK

Front 27

What is the significance of the ependymal layer in development?

Back 27

It's where stem cells are.

The nervous system originates from stem cells (ependymal cells) -Undifferentiated, multipotential cells- found along the edge of the ventricular spaces – ventricular zone or the EPENDYMAL LAYER – of the brain.

Front 28

Neural plate

Back 28

End of 3rd week: group of medially placed cells appear dorsally in the ectoderm.

Front 29

Neural groove

Back 29

Soon after its formation the neural plate folds inward at the midline and cells proliferate laterally.

Front 30

Neural tube

Back 30

As the lateral areas grow they move upward and eventually merge together at the top to form neural tube

FORERUNNER OF BRAIN'S VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

Front 31

What are Delta and Notch?

Back 31

DELTA: ligand
NOTCH: receptor

Initially, all cells in “proneural” areas of the fruit fly express delta and notch in equal amounts, then, minor differences in the initial levels of delta in one cell induces a cascade that will cause one cell to become a nerve cell and its neighbors to become glia or some other kind of support cell.

Enhanced delta activity in one cell activates the notch receptor in an adjacent cell which then inhibits the second cell’s ability to make delta.

Front 32

Occular Dominance Columns: where are they?

Back 32

Layer IV of Area V1 / Striate Cortex

Front 33

Occular Dominance Columns: how were they discovered?

Back 33

Hubel and Wiesel injected radioactive stuff into eye --> radioactive areas are the occular dominance columns

Front 34

Occular Dominance Columns: how do they develop?

Back 34

ODCs don’t exist at birth; Layer 4 responds to both eyes
Over time, diff. regions of the brain begin to specialize; become responsive to input from only one eye

(Tested via monocular visual deprivation on animals)
At 2 weeks, eye goes to entire layer 4
At 13 weeks, ODCs are really really large for open eye

Front 35

Cranial Nerve 1:

Back 35

Olfactory. Smell.

Front 36

Cranial Nerve 2:

Back 36

Optic. Eyes.

Front 37

Cranial Nerve 3:

Back 37

Ocularmotor. Ocular motor.

Front 38

Cranial Nerve 4:

Back 38

Trochlear. Ocular motor.

Front 39

Cranial Nerve 6:

Back 39

Abducen. Ocular motor.

Front 40

Cranial Nerve 8:

Back 40

Vestibulocochlear; audio and balance

Front 41

Cranial Nerve 10:

Back 41

Vagus: major nerve of vPNS

Front 42

The Rhinencephalon is in the _______ and is responsible for ______.

Back 42

Forebrain

olfactory/smell

Front 43

The Limbic Cortex is in the _______ and contains ______, _____, _____.

Back 43

Forebrain

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

Front 44

The amygdala is in the ______, and is responsible for ______.

Back 44

Limbic cortex

emotion

Front 45

The hippocampus is in the ________

Back 45

limbic cortex

Front 46

Cingulate cortex: PLACE, FUNCTION

Back 46

LIMBIC CORTEX

attention/self monitoring, feelings

Front 47

Thalamus: P/C

Back 47

3rd ventricle / diencephalon; forebrain

LGN/MGN

Front 48

Hypothalamus: P/F

Back 48

3rd ventricle / diencephalon; forebrain

Pituitary

Front 49

Tectum contains:

Tectum is in:

Back 49

Superior and inferior colliculi

Midbrain

Front 50

Superior colliculus: P/F

Back 50

Tectum; vision [motor/sensory]

Front 51

Inferior colliculus: P/F

Back 51

Tectum; hearing [motor/sensory]

Front 52

Tegementum P/C [4]/F

Back 52

Midbrain

RED NUCLEUS
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
CRUS CEREBRI

movement/dopamine

Front 53

Hindbrain: CONTAINS

Back 53

Myelencephalon and Metencephalon

Front 54

Myelencephalon P/C:

Back 54

HINDBRAIN

MEDULLA

Front 55

medulla P/C

Back 55

Myelencephalon, fibers of passage

Front 56

Metencephalon P/C:

Back 56

HINDBRAIN

PONS, CEREBELLUM

Front 57

Pons P/C

Back 57

Metencephalon, fibers of passage

Front 58

Cerebellum P/F

Back 58

Metencephalon

movement / phys. coordination

Front 59

Basal ganglia P/F/C

Back 59

Forebrain

regulates motor movement; works w/motor cortex; inhibits and facilitates

Striatum / Pallidum

Front 60

Striatum P/C

Back 60

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus & Putamen

Front 61

Pallidum P/C

Back 61

Basal Ganlia

Globus Pallidus

Front 62

M pathway ("HOW")

Back 62

Retina; Rods, M-Ganglia Cells
LGN layers 1, 2
V1: layer 4Calpha --> 4B (moving edges)
V2: thick stripe region (moving edges)
V2--> V3, V5
**V3: dynamic form vision
**V5/MT: motion-detection input

Front 63

P pathway ("WHAT")

Back 63

Retina; Cones, P-Ganglia Cells
LGN layers 3-6

V1: layer 4Cbeta --> 2, 3
**Blob: COLOR
**Interblob: ORIENTATION

V2:
**Thin Stripe receives input from Blob
**Interstripe receives input from Interblob

V2 --> V3, V4
**V3: mainly from interstripe, dynamic vision
**V4: mainly from thin stripe, color

Front 64

Blob

Back 64

COLOR

Front 65

Interblob

Back 65

ORIENTATION

Front 66

Akinotopsia (WHAT, CAUSE)

Back 66

Strobevision; V5/MT area

Front 67

Achromatopsia WHAT/CAUSE

Back 67

Total Colorblindness, V4 damage

Front 68

Chromatopsia WHAT/CAUSE

Back 68

Color vision only, blob cells have more oxygen; more resistant to anoxia [e.g., CO poisoning]

Front 69

Object Agnosia

Back 69

classically defined as an inability to recognize objects visually in spite of preserved, biological vision

Front 70

Balient's syndrome

[and what's a major symptom of it]

Back 70

can’t see full visual field at once;

simultanagnosia

Front 71

simultanagnosia

Back 71

inability to see two things at once

Front 72

Ocular Ataxia

Back 72

inability to point accurately

Front 73

Ocular Apraxia

Back 73

inability to fixate accurately

Front 74

Blindsight

Back 74

lack of conscious awareness of vision BUT with ability to detect stimuli

Front 75

Blob/Interblob WHERE/WHAT

Back 75

Layers 2, 3 of Striate Cortex

Blob: COLOR
Interblob: ORIENTATION

Front 76

Area V2: Thick/Thin/Interstripe

Back 76

Thick: MOTION

Thin: COLOR

Inter: FORM IN MOTION

Front 77

V3, V4, V5/MT:

Back 77

V3: Dynamic form / moving form vision

V4: Color

V5/MT: Motion

Front 78

Cranial Nerve 5:

Back 78

Trigeminal; Mastication

Front 79

Cranial Nerve 7:

Back 79

Facial; face surface muscles