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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The capacity to think about thinking.
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Metacognition
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Knowledge that depends on empirical observations, on information gathered through the senses.
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Contingent Truth
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Knowledge that is based on logical necessity, apart from information gathered through the senses.
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Necessary Truth
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A classification system in which items are categorized using a hierarchy of subordinate and superordinate classes.
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Hierarchical Classification
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A classification system in which items are categorized simultaneously along two independent dimensions, such as shape and color.
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Matrix Classification
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A naturally occurring entity with subparts that go together because of their proximity.
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Classification
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Inferences drawn in the process of storing and remembering information.
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Constructive Memory
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Intentional, goal-directed behaviors designed to improve memory.
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Mnemonic Strategy
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The mnemonic strategy of repeating information over and over.
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Rehearsal
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The mnemonic strategy of arranging information to be recalled into meaningful categories.
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Organization
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The mnemonic strategy of creating a meaningful connection between items to be remembered, either verbally or visually.
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Elaboration
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Problems in mnemonic strategy use in which children are unable to use a strategy even when adults suggest it.
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Mediation Deficiencies
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Problems in mnemonic strategy use in which children do not use a strategy spontaneously, but can use it when instructed to do so.
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Production Deficiencies
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Problems in mnemonic strategy use in which children use a strategy spontaneously, but without benefit to their memory performance.
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Utilization Deficiencies
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Knowledge about memory and memory processes.
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Metamemory
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A situation in which a knowledgeable teacher who has already mastered a problem teaches a particular solution to the learner.
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Didactic Learning Experience
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A situation in which learners at approximately the same level of knowledge and skill interact, share ideas, and discover solutions of their own.
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Cooperative Learning Experience
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On an intelligence test, a measure of a child's level of intellectual development.
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Mental Age (MA)
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A measure of intelligence based on a comparison of a child's performance with the performance of others the same age; originally, mental age divided by chronological age.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Intellectual capacity as measured by performance on tasks typically encountered in school or on standard IQ tests.
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Academic Intelligence
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Intellectual capacity as reflected in successful performance in natural, everyday, non-school settings.
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Practical Intelligence
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An IQ test entirely free of culture-based content.
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Culture-free IQ Test
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An IQ test that is appropriate for all the cultures in which it is used.
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Culture-fair IQ Test
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A cognitive skill needed to solve problems that are abstract, self-contained, and removed from any immediate context.
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Decontextualized Thought
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Freud's term for middle childhood, the period in which sexual urges lie relatively dormant.
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Latency Period
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In Erikson's theory, the basic belief in one's own competence.
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Sense of Industry
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A concept of the self that is made up of psychological characteristics, such as mental abilities and customary ways of feeling.
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Psychological Self
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Children's understanding of the nature of selves in general.
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Metatheory of the Self
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An awareness that the self is intimately tied to other people.
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Social Self
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The tendency to use others as a source of information in evaluating the self.
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Social Comparison
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The capacity to plan and organize behavior.
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Executive Functioning
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Attempts to hurt another person by damaging a relationship.
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Relational Aggression
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Informal rules governing the conduct of children within a peer group.
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Peer Group Norms
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The rituals of teasing and ostracism with which elementary school children maintain the boundary between their gender-segregated peer groups.
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Border Work
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A research technique used to measure peer status.
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Sociometrics
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The tendency to take initiative, rise to challenges and try to influence events.
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Agency
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The period in which a child changes from a sexually immature person to one who is capable or reproduction.
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Puberty
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The onset of menstruation.
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Menarche
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The first ejaculation of mobile sperm.
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Spermarche
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The increase in adrenal androgen levels in middle childhood.
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Adrenarche
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Small glands located above the kidneys that produce androgens and other hormones related to stress, metabolism and reproductions.
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Adrenal Glands
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The sex glands: testes in men and ovaries in women.
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Gonads
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The increase in gonadal sex hormone levels at puberty.
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Gonadarche
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A small gland at the base of the brain that plays a major role in regulating the hormonal output of other glands.
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Pituitary Gland
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A part of the brain that regulates many body functions, including the production of pituitary hormones.
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary hormones that affect hormonal output by the gonads.
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Gonadotropins
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Physical features that differentiate adult males from adult females but are not directly involved in reproduction.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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The ability of brain regions to take on new functions.
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Plasticity
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The ability to think of hypothetical solutions to a problem and to formulate a systematic plan for deducing which of these solutions is correct.
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Hypothetico-deductive Resoning
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In Piaget's theory, a set of principles of formal logic on which the cognitive advances of adolescence are based.
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Formal Operation
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Focusing attention on relevant information despite distraction.
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Selective Attention
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Paying attention to two tasks at the same time.
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Divided Attention
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The tendency for basic cognitive processes to become less effortful and more automatic with practice.
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Automatization
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The influence of social environment on the development of cognitive skills.
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Cognitive Socialization
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Teenagers' assumptions that they are the focus of everyone's attention and that their experiences, thoughts and feelings are unique.
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Adolescent Egocentrism
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Teenagers' unjustified concern that they are the focus of others' attention.
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Imaginary Audience
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Teenagers' exaggerated belief in their own uniqueness.
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Personal Fable
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In Piaget's theory, the stage in which children treat morality as absolute and moral constraints as unalterable.
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Moral Realism
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In Piaget's theory, the stage in which children see morality as relative to the situation.
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Autonomous Morality
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In Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning based on fear of punishment or desire for reward.
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Preconceived Morality
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In Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning based on opinions of others or formal laws.
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Conventional Morality
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In Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning based on abstract principles underlying right and wrong.
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Postconventional or Principled Morality
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A sense of integrated, coherent, and goal-directed self.
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Identity
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Ceremonies that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood.
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Puberty Rites/ Rites of Passage
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In Erikson's theory, the struggle that teenagers experience when trying to establish their personal identities.
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Identity crisis
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Identity status in which there has been no active exploration of roles and values and no commitment to an adult identity.
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Identity Diffusion
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Identity status in which commitment has been made to a set of roles and values without a period of exploration.
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Foreclosure
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Identity status in which a person is in the midst of exploring options for their personal identity, but has not yet committed to any of them.
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Moratorium
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Identity status in which a person has committed to a set of roles and values following a period of active exploration.
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Identity Achievement
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A close-knit group of a few friends who are intimately involved with each other.
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Clique
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A group that is larger, less exclusive, and more loosely organized than a clique.
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Crowd
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The belief that success depends on one's own efforts.
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Internal Locus of Control
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The belief that success depends on factors outside one's control.
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External Locus of Control
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According to the syllabus for this class, you:
a) may skip the final exam if you do well on the first three mid-terms b) may drop your lowest exam score c) must take all four exams d) are not allowed to take a make-up for any exam |
c) must take all four exams
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According to the syllabus, cheating in this course will result in:
a) a final grade of FF b) an automatic zero for the assignment or exam c) a final grade of F d) prohibition from any other psychology courses |
a) a final grade of FF
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Behavioral recognition is one way that ___ occurs.
a) evolutionary change b) quantitative change c) adaptational change d) qualitative change |
d) qualitative change
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Which concept is most consistent with Darwin's idea that heredity and environment interact?
a) natural selection b) maturation c) normative development d) tabla rasa |
a
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Contemporary approaches to the roles of heredity and environment
a) argue that early environmental forces are the most critical b) are consistent with philosophical approaches c) stress the critical role of genetic traits inherited from parents d) view both as essential to development |
d
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Which theory sees development in terms of quantitative change?
a) psychoanalytic theory b) information processing theory c) evolutionary theory d) Piagetian theory |
b
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Which concept is pat of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
a) inner speech b) modeling c) zone of proximal development d) concrete operational |
d
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In contrast with Freud, Erikson believed that ...
a) early feelings and relationships are NOT critical b) people more or less successfully resolve issues at each stage of development c) the issues people resolve during development are very narrow and specific d) people can become fixated at one stage of development |
b
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Bowlby's adaptation theory attempts to explain the
a) influence of culture on cognitive development b) development of sexuality c) development of early attachment relationships d) the same behaviors that Freud did |
c
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Which theory of development views proceses of development as domain and culture specific
a) Piaget's b) psychoanalytic c) social learning d) sociocultural |
d
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If Piaget used his three mountain task to determine whether children in Flordia are egocentric, his method would have problems ...
a) with experimental control b) being a natural experiment c) ecological validity d) forming a testable proposition |
c
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Participant attrition is a problem for researchers because it
a) is not random and may create an unrepresentative sample b) prevents researchers from studying change over time c) causes the study to take too long d) makes the results hard to replicate |
a
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The text introduces 3 families before chapter 2. Which of the mothers has a second child because her husband wants a son, even though she is reluctant?
a) Delores Williams b) Christine Gordon c) Ganie DeHart d) Karen Polonius |
b
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Bronfenbrenner proposes his contextual model
a) as a reaction against psychoanalytic models b) so researchers could prove which context is most important c) to show how contexts are related and affect development d) to emphasize that biology is the most important influence on development |
c
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A baby influences her big brother and the big brother influences his baby sister. This is an example of...
a) a family system b) transactional effects c) bidirectional effects d) dynamic continuity |
c
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According to the text
a) fathers have an indirect effect on their children by providing emotional support for mothers b) fathers hae little impact on their children unless they are primary caregivers c) fathers' relationships to their wives don't have much effect on children's adjustment d) fathers only influence their children directly in the context of the father-child relationship |
a
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The text states that neighborhoods can have a positive influence on children and adolescents by means of
a) collective socialization b) economic symmetry c) behavioral contagion d) collective poverty norms |
a
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There have been many family changes caused by social abd economic factors. Between 1970 and 2000, the
a) percent of employed married mothers of children leveled off b) percent of one-parent families was similar for blacks and hispanics c) birthrates for unmarried women went down d) rate of increase in one-parent families was greatest for white families. |
d
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Cordelia Counselor wants to help children ajust well after their parents divorce. She should
a) make sure the parents share custody b) help reduce conflict between parents c) make sure the mother gets custody d) focus on girls, who tend to have more severe problems |
b
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The social and emotional problems often experienced by children who live in poverty are most strongly associated with
a) exposure to lead b) low birth weight c) high levels of family stress d) the lack of appropriate friends |
c
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Socialization is the process by which
a) children influence peers and adults b) children develop rules for their peer groups c) people developed cultural systems over evolutionary history d) children acquire the rules, standards and values of a culture |
d
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Often a subculture's beliefs, attitudes, values and guidelines for behavior are different from those of the larger culture. The text illustrates the problems this could cause in
a) the workplace b) the classroom c) decisions whether to breastfeed or bottle-feed d) mixed-ethnic neighborhoods |
b
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What does the text mean by the idea of "development as context"?
a) many layers of context affect human development b) physical and intellectual development influence how children interact with their environments c) the development of societies and cultures over time affects children d) children's development is a context for parents' development |
b
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Which biological process involves duplication of parent cells in each daughter cell?
a) meiosis b) mitosis c) somatiosis d) gametosis |
b
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Most human cells contain
a) 23 chromosomes b) 24 pairs of chromosomes (23 plus sex chromosomes) c) 23 pairs of gametes d) 23 pairs of chromosomes |
d
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Crossing over is
a) when chromosomes exchange genetic material during cell division b) the shuffling of chromosomes from the mother and father c) one way germ cells are created d) when a sperm crosses into the uterus to fertilize an egg |
a
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Physical gender development in humans (development of male or female reproductive systems) illustrates the
a) interaction of genes and environment b) major influence of genes c) major influence of maternal age d) major influence of environment |
a
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Daddy Dracula is homozygous for type B blood. What percent of his sperm will carry an O allele?
a) 0 b) 25 c) 50 d) there is not enough information to know for sure |
a
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A sex linked trait is
a) important for sexual attraction between males and females b) dominant c) one that only women or only men have d) associated with alleles on the sex chromosomes |
d
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Hillary is heterozygous for color blindness. The way she actually sees color is an aspect of her
a) dominance and recessivity b) phenotype c) differentiation d) genotype |
b
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What can we conclude about Hillary's father given the information in the previous question?
a) he is homozygous for color blindness b) he must have normal color vision c) he must be color blind d) he might be either color blind or have normal color vision |
d
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According to the text, the first period of prenatal development that lasts from conception through 2 weeks is the ___ period.
a) embryonic b) embryoblastic c) germinal d) zygotic |
c
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The film "conception to birth" showed a father who
a) fainted when his wife gave birth b) delivered his own baby c) had a lot of lucky hats to wear in the hospital d) drove his wife to the hospital in his taxi cab |
c
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The ___ cushions the embryo and minimizes temperature changes.
a) amniotic sack b) placenta c) umbilical chord d) layer of fatty tissue |
a
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Major developments in the fetal period include
a) the appearance of the neural tube b) formation of the heart c) the start of a regular sleep-wake cycle d) the appearance of the limb buds |
c
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An example of a Mendelian disorder is
a) Down syndrome b) Klinefelter syndrome c) sickle-cell anemia d) fetal alcohol syndrome |
c
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The hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES) was prescribed to pregnant women to prevent misscarriages. Research on DES demonstrates that the effects of teratogens
a) are usually ignored by government regulators b) may not be seen for years c) vary according to a woman's age d) are typical on the sensory systems or brain |
b
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Women who are over the age of 35
a) have much higher rates of miscarriages, stillbirths and infant deaths than teenagers do b) tend to take longer to conceive than younger women do c) account for most birth defects seen in newborns d) all of the above |
b
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Which technique provides information about fetal genotype?
a) amniocentesis b) cell centrifuging c) ultrasound d) dilation |
a
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Doctors would be worried about a newborn who
a) has an Apgar score over 7 b) weighs 3000 grams c) has a heart rate of 100 or more beats per minute d) is born 32 weeks after conception |
d
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What is the method for studying development that involves researchers gathering information about participants' past using questionnaires, interviews, or records searches?
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retrospective
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List 2 advantages of a cross-sectional method relative to a longitudinal method for studying development.
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QUICKER, CHEAPER, NO EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION, NO ATTRITION
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List 1 advantage of a longitudinal method relative to cross-sectional method for studying development.
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SHOWS PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT, CAN SHOW INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, NO COHORT EFFECT, CAN LOOK AT THE DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE OF RARE INDIVIDUALS [
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The age overlap in short term longitudinal design allows researchers to check for possible ___ and ___.
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COHORT EFFECTS AND EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION
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The extent to which genes constrain environmental influences on particular traits is called ___.
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canalization
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Mr. and Mrs. Orlando have Type O blood. List the possible blood types their children might have.
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Type O
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A characteristic that is influenced by many gene pairs is known as a/an ___ characteristic.
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polygenic
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Desiree can pass on the allele for hemophilia to her children even though she does not have hemophilia herself. Therefore, Desiree is known as a/an ___ for hemophilia.
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carrier
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Hannah Hopeful plans to get artificially inseminated with sperm from a tall NBA basketball center in order to have a child who will be a good basketball player. Name one factor that will increase the likelihood that she will be successful in having a child who will be a good basketball player.
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MOTHER PASSES ON GENES FOR HEIGHT/STRENGTH/EYE-HAND COORDINATION/ATHLETICISM
FATHER PASSES ON GENES FOR HEIGHT/STRENGTH/EYE-HAND COORDINATION/ATHLETICISM NO GENETIC/CHROMOSOMAL ERRORS OR PROBLEMS CHILD’S ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES BASKETBALL SKILL |
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What is 1 specific nutrient that pregnant women should consume, according to the text?
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folic acid
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Name one specific teratogen that increases the chances of cognitive/intellectual deficits.
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alcohol
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What are the terms for two of the processes that make the embryo especially vulnerable to effects of teratogens.
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cell division and organogenesis
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Several infants and their families are presented through the text. Which infant now sleeps in a crib, wakes up early and throws objects out of the crib, likes to eat cocoa puffs and seems to say the word "bread" at breakfast?
a) Malcolm Williams b) Mikey Gordon c) Maggie Gordon d) Meryl Polonius |
a
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Which process of brain development is most affected by experiences in infancy?
a) formation of glial cells b) myelination c) dendritization d) synaptogenesis |
d
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Changes in american infants' sleep-wake cycles
a) are caused by brain maturation b) occur around 9 months of age c) are caused by infant care practices d) are caused both by biology and experience |
d
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Which infants reflexes are listed in their correct order of disappearance, according to the lecture?
a) palmar, rooting, babinski b) blinking, palmar, plantar c) sucking, palmar, plantar d) the order depends on how much different parts of the body get exercised |
c
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Which concept is LEAST relevnt to infant motor development?
a) effectance motivation b) pruning of synapses c) proximodistal development d) preadaptation |
b
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Simone Psychologist shows an infant a picture of Rocky the Bull. The infant is interested in the picture. Simone shows the picture until the infants response rate decreases. Then Simone shows a picture of the Florida Gator. The infant's response rate remains the same. We can conclude that the infant
a) likes Rocky and the Gator equally b) has dishabituated to the pictures c) cannot tell the difference between Rocky and the Gator d) is orienting to the Gator |
c
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Baby Brucie naturally pays attention to his mother and naturally salivates when he's drinking breast milk. After a few months of breastfeeding, he starts salivating when he sees his mother. At this point, his mother can be considered the ___ stimulus.
a) conditioned b) paired c) unconditioned d) associative |
a
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Baby Babette doesn't like the smell and feel of mashed peas, so she starts crying. Her parents take away the peas. Next time she has smashed peas, she starts crying and her parents take them away. She has learned to cry when she gets smashed peas because
a) the removal of the peas serves as positive reinforcement for her b) she has probably observed her older brother objecting to peas c) the removal of the peas serves as negative reinforcement for her d) eating peas is punishment for her |
c
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What type of eye movements would one see in a newborn?
a) saccadic b) reflexive c) pursuit d) differentiated |
a
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By the end of the first year, infants' grasping behavior has changed from a reflexive grasp to
a) a whole hand grasp b) grasping involving the 2 hands working together c) grasp that involves the thumb and forefinger d) voluntary grasp |
c
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Most babies take their first solo steps at about
a) 5 months b) 7 months c) 1 year d) 16 months |
c
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Young babies do not see very clearly because
a) the cells in their fovea are immature b) their sense of touch is more highly developed c) their lenses have poor optical quality d) there are no connections between the retina and the brain yet |
a
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A baby's eyes rotate inward toward his nose as he looks at an object. This means that
a) he has strabismus b) the object is moving closer c) he is on the visual cliff d) the baby can use constancy cues |
b
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Mature face perception in infancy (including the ability to recognize specific faces)
a) develops by one week of age b) requires only development of the cerebral cortex c) requires only experience looking at faces d) requires both maturation and experience |
d
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Baby Bertha accidentally rolls on top of a toy in her crib and is surprised when it squeaks. She bites it. According to Piaget, her behavior is an example of
a) coordination of systems b) primary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) tertiary circular reactions |
d
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According to Piaget, what achievement indicates that infants are capable of representational thought?
a) equilibration b) deferred imitation c) cognitive schemes d) the ability to coordinate schemes |
b
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Researchers who find decalage in children's cognitive development present a challenge to Piaget's theory. They suggest that we reassess Piaget's
a) timetable for infant development b) concept of stages c) ideas about infants' inborn abilities d) ideas about infants' cognitive constraints |
b
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Piaget tested infants' object permanence by
a) seeing whether infants search for hidden objects b) observing whether children look longer at "impossible" events involving objects c) asking about their understanding that living things die d) all of the above |
a
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Recent research on infants' understanding of objects suggests that
a) Piaget was right about the sequence in which understanding develops b) immature object looking behavior is due mostly to limitations in memory c) Piaget was right about the rate at which understanding develops d) immature object looking behavior is due mostly to difficulty with means-end behaviors |
a
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Infants begin to form conceptual categories by the age of ___ months.
a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 14 |
c
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Young Yusef can remember how to open a box to get out his favorite toy. This is an example of ___ memory.
a) declarative b) implicit c) explicit d) hypothalamic |
b
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Childhood IQ is best predicted by ___.
a) the Bayley Scales of Infant development b) information processing skills in infancy c) tests administered early in infancy d) no existing tests or techniques |
b
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According to Piaget, older infants smile at objects when
a) the objects are familiar b) they can manipulate the objects c) the objects are presented by attachment figures d) the objects are novel |
a
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When would you first expect to see an endogenous smile?
a) birth b) 2 weeks c) 8 weeks d) 12 weeks |
a
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According to the text, a father who adjusts the level of stimulation he provides in response to signs from his infant is showing
a) mutuality b) adaptation c) sensitive care d) attunement |
d
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Konrad Lorenz proposed the concept of Kindchenschema to
a) have a way of measuring infants' appearance b) describe how infants' perceptual abilities relate to early bonding c) explain why caregivers interact with babies d) describe infants' developing ideas about attachment figures |
c
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During the first six months, infants' responses to events differ from full-blown emotions of joy, fear, and anger because the
a) responses build up very quickly b) infants attach very specific meanings to events c) responses are only imitations of what they observe in their caregivers d) responses are global and undifferentiated |
d
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Stranger distress is
a) greater if a stranger approaches quickly rather than gradually b) greatest at four months of age c) one example of infants' general fear of the unfamiliar d) greater in the mother's presence than in her absence |
a
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ideal infant-caregiver interaction according to lecture? The caregiver
a) responds quickly to the infant b) provides the right amount of stimulation c) interacts with the infant whenever the infant is awake d) interprets the infant's behaviors |
c
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Infant-caregiver attachment
a) is based on association the infant forms between feeding and caregiver b) is a specific emotional tie between the infant and the caregiver c) does not form in babies who have poor interaction during the first year d) requires bonding in the first few hours after birth |
b
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An infant who is classified as anxious-avoidant will show ___ in the Ainsworth Strange Situation.
a) little exploration of the room b) ready separation from the caregiver c) clinginess to the caregiver d) nervous about the room, the stranger, and the caregiver |
b
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Correlation research suggests that infants classified as anxious-resistant in the Ainsworth Strange Situation had experienced
a) physically abusive caregivers b) a series of indifferent caregivers in the first year c) contact with non-biological parents, but not biological parents d) caregivers who provided inconsistent care |
d
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Over the first year, infants develop expectations about the social world that generalize to their future interactions. These expectations are called
a) internal working models b) implicit social theories c) adaptational model d) social self concepts |
a
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What is meant by the idea of "continuity of adaptation"?
a) humans have evolved social behaviors slowly over time b) infants who adapt well to their environments will do well later in life c) parents who are naturally sensitive to their infants continue to be good parents d) one year olds' attachment classification predict their later functioning |
d
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What does the text say about the stability of temperament?
a) a newborn's temperament will predict later temperament as well b) temperament becomes pretty stable after one year c) temperament is stable for some newborns but not for others d) temperament does not become stable until early puberty |
b
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How are temperament and attachment related?
a) temperament by itself is a good predictor of an infant's attachment classification b) there is not relationship between temperament and behavior in the Strange Situation c) The Strange Situation seems to measure infant temperament better than caregiver-infant attachment d) temperament is related to certain behaviors in the Strange Situation but not to security of attachment |
d
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Researchers testing the sensitive period hypothesis investigate all of the following EXCEPT
a) monkeys who have been isolated from their parents in infancy b) human infants raised in institutions c) day care during infancy d) the ages at which infants become sensitive to emotional cues from their caregivers |
d
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What material did Dr. Bryant display on the screen in their lecture on out-of-home care for young children?
a) licensing requirements for day care centers in Hillsborough county b) data on the effects of day care on attachment to parents and teachers c) the daily schedule for one of the rooms at the preschool d) charts showing hours spent in U.S. day care for different age groups |
c
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Who is the major scholar associated with attachment theory?
a) Bowlby b) Strange c) Chess d) Thomas |
a
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The text says all of the following about "cultural diversity and common humanity" EXCEPT
a) all cultures recognize the importance of consistent, responsive care for young infants b) cultures vary in the goals they have for child-rearing c) infants in all cultures have many experiences with separation d) some infants caregiving practices are pervasive across cultures |
c
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Newborns' involuntary, unlearned responses to external stimuli involve a sub-cortical pathway of sensory and motor nerves. This primitive pathway is called the ___.
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Reflex Arc
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What behavior will newborn Nikhil exhibit when his mother strokes his right cheek?
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Rooting, will turn head to the right
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Name one factor that influences the effectiveness of instrumental (operant) conditioning?
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value of reinforcement for the child schedule of reinforcement (variable most effective) timing (immediately following behavior most effective)
lecture |
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The special case of instrumental conditioning that involves teaching a child a complex target behavior through successive approximations is called ___.
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Shaping
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The genetic predisposition to learn certain behaviors more easily than others is called ___.
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preparedness
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Piaget called thee first two years of life the ___ period.
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sensorimotor
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In Piaget's theory, the process of adapting to a new experience by modifying an existing scheme is called ...
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accommodation
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List 2 memory abilities infants demonstrate in early infancy (0-6 months).
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habituation, ability to retain memories, simple recognition, ability to use cued recall, ability to remember relations between visual stimuli, implicit/procedural memory, conditioned associations, some long term memory
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List 1 infant characteristics that might make it challenging for a caregiver trying to establish high quality interaction in the first year.
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Calm/quiet child
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List 1 situational characteristic that might make it challenging for a caregiver trying to establish high quality interaction during the first year.
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Relationship problems with partner
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name one feature of high quality child care for infants according to lecture.
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High caregiver:infant ratio
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Include links between microsystem components.
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Mesosystem
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The growth of thinking skills, including remembering and solving problems.
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Cognitive Development
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Small movements of the hands, fingers and tongue.
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Fine motor movements
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Development of the social skills affected by child's temperament, stage of development and social interaction.
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Social-emotional development
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Development using small and large muscle groups in movement as well as perceptual abilities.
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Sensory-motor development
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Describe self-control, and self care (such as eating and dressing).
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Independent Functioning Skills (AKA Adaptive Skills)
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Characterized by egocentrism, as seen by animistic thinking and monologues. Other problems are with conservation, centration and reversibility.
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Preoperational Period (2-6 years)
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At this stage, child can perform logical operations, reverse thought processes and are able to conserve
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Concrete operational (6+ years of age)
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Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
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Object Permanence
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The 3 things that facilitate change in each stage of Piaget's theory.
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adaptation, assimilation, and accomodation
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Variation of repeated actions through trial-and-error experimentation.
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Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
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Attempt to hurt someone by damaging that person's relationship with others. This is used mostly by girls and can include verbal and physical actions.
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Relational aggression
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Refers to the fact that some children succeed despite being faced with adversity or challenges in life.
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Resilience
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Examples: poverty, divorce, abuse/neglect, birth defects, and poor nutrition.
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Risk Factors
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Procedure used to asses attachments, involves short separations from and reunions with the caregiver
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Ainsworth Strange Situation
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Pattern discrimination items, block design, and mazes are examples of how developmental or intelligence tests measure this.
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Perceptual Speed
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