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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Territory next to the mesoderm, give rise to somites.
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Paraxial mesoderm
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Give rise to the notochord, made from axial mesoderm, located below the neural tube.
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Chordamesoderm
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Give rise to urogenital system, between the LPM and paraxial mesoderm.
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Intermediate mesoderm
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Gives rise to the circulatory system, body cavity lining, and mesoderm of the limbs.
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Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM)
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More mature somite, collection of mesodermal cells.
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Somitomere
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Form from anterior to posterior by pinching off from paraxial mesoderm
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Somite
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Molecule expressed in a boundary that instructs adjacent cells to detach and form a new boundary, activated by lunatic fringe.
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Notch
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Expressed in few posterior (caudal) somites, correlated with new somite boundary.
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Hairy 1 gene
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Anterior portion of somite, target of hairy gene.
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Eph-4a receptor
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Posterior portion of somite, target of hairy gene.
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Ephrin-B2
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Cells transition from mesenchyme to epithelium
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Epithelialization
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Subdivision of somite, migrate to notochord form skull and vertebrates.
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Sclerotome
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Subdivision of somite, further divides into dermatome and myotome.
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Dermamyotome
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Subdivision of dermamyotome that gives rise to the dermis, located in the central dermamyotome region.
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Dermatome
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Subdivision of dermamyotome that gives rise to muscle, located in hypaxial dermamyotome lip.
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Myotome
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_________ determine fates of schlerotome.
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Notochord (shh)
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_________ determine fates of dermatome.
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Neural tube
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Committed precursors to muscle cells.
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Myoblasts
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Long thin muscle cells (actin, myosin, tryponin).
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Myotube
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- all bHLH TF
- expressed in cells committed to become muscles - activate muscle specific genes - induce muscle cell fates |
Myogenic regulatory factors (MRF's)
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Form homo- and heterodimers, and have regions that bind to DNA targets.
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Myogenic bHLH protein
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Homologous recombination in ESC's introduces the targeted allele into the mammalian genome.
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Targeted mutagenesis
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ESC
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Embryonic stem cell
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Selection for a specific gene in an organism
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"Knock-out" mouse
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Myogenin cannot substitute for Myf5 if expressed in the same cells and at the same time, but Myf5 and MyoD can.
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Function redundancy
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Formation of bone
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Osteogenesis
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Cells that extensively increase in growth (volume) to form bone.
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Hypertrophic chondrocytes
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Insertion of a gene/ allele into an organisms genome.
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"Knockin" mouse
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Arrive via blood vessels, bind cartilaginous matrix, deposit bone matrix.
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Osteoblasts
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Arrive via blood vessels, eat debris left by apoptotic cells.
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Chondroclasts
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Bone that had a cartilage intermediate.
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Endochondral ossification
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Bone that does not have a cartilage intermediate.
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Intramembraneous ossification
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Continued growth that produces more chondrocytes, grow from ends.
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Epiphyseal growth plates
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Signaling important in limb and craniofacial development, transmembrane factor.
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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
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Receptor in FGFR's for ligand to bind.
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Tyrosine kinase domain
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Initial connections for flat bones of the skull that help to fit through the birth canal and allows the brain to grow.
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Sutures
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Initial connect for flat bones of the skull, small soft areas held together by sutures.
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Fontanels
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Premature fusion of the cranial sutures, limits ability of skull to expand as usual.
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Cranial synostosis
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Dwarfism, dominant inheritance, not passed on by parents, mutation of FGFR3.
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Achondroplasia
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Negative regulator of growth in ossification.
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FGFR3
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Lethal form of dwarfism.
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Thanatophoric dysplasia
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Bones become porous and less dense, gradually making them weaker and more brittle.
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Osteoporosis
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Precurser to osteoporosis, bone deficiency.
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Osteopenia
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Maintain volume, ionic balance, pH and osmotic concentration of extracellular fluid, and excrete urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
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Kidney
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Filtering unit of the kidney.
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Nephron
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Accumulation of vessels in the kidney that serve as a filter, increase surface area to be more effective.
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Glomerulus
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Region in the kidney that collects waste.
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Bowman's capsule
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2 genes that form the kidney and what activates the genes.
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pax and lim
paraxial mesoderm |
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3 types of kidneys
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Pronephric, mesonephric, and permanent kidney
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Pronephric Kidney
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Induce intermediate mesoderm, degenerate pronephric tubules, destroyed.
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Mesonephric Kidney
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Induce production of reproductive glands and blood stem cells, renovated
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Permanent Kidney
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Reciprocal induction, mesenchyme induces nephrin duct to grow and bud > bud induces mesenchyme to condense into nephron.
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GDNF
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Glial derived neurotrophic factor
Secreted by mesenchyme to stimulate budding of kidney |
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Budding restriction (negative regulator) of the kidney.
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TGF-beta
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Specific mesenchyme to form kidney.
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Metanephrogenic mesenchyme
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Protein that forms ureteric bud and induces mesenchyme to aggregate to form the comma nodule.
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Wnt
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Stimulates cells to clump together via adherens junctions, expressed by metanephrogenic mesenchyme.
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E cadherins (epithelial)
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Cysts in the kidney, fluid filled blisters, nephron doesn't work due to pressure.
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Polycystic kidney disease
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Fluid filled blisters in kidney
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Kidney cyst
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Give rise to heart (cardiac system), epithelial to mesoderm transition, forms into 2 tubes.
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Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
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Future inner lining of the heart chambers, derived from mesoderm atrium and ventrical, fusion of 2 endocardial tubes, single layer.
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Endocardium
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Working tissue of the heart (muscle), proliferate and get thicker, splanchnic mesoderm that surrounds endocardium.
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Myocardium
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Give rise to the body cavity.
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Somatic (parietal) mesoderm
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Disruption in the migration step to form heart, pheonotype: 2 hearts
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Cardiac bifida
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Tube folds around to form heart, circulation starts - reroutes blood flow
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Cardiac looping
day 28 |
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2 tubes that move towards the midline and fuse to form the endocardium.
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Endocardial tubes
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Formation of _________ alters blood flow.
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Cardiac septa
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Deoxygenated blood flows from _____ to _____.
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body to lungs (Right side)
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Oxygenated blood flows from _____ to _____.
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lungs to body (left side)
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Specified by cardiomyocytes in anterior LPM, Wnt from neural tube inhibit heart fate, BMP and FGF from endoderm induce heart fate.
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Heart field
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Give rise to blood vessels
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Mesoderm
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Outside tissue to hold the heart in place and protect it.
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Pericardium
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Expressed in heart field, within splanchnic mesoderm,
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Cardiogenic mesoderm
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Precursor to blood and vessel cells, can't pin point cells so called a blood island.
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Hemangioblast
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Rise to endothelial cells (vessels) or hematopoietic cells.
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Angioblast
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Bring oxygen to body.
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Artery
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Lack oxygen
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Vein
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Fight tumor growth in cancer, prevent and degenerate growth of blood vessels to tumor.
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anti-angiogenesis compound
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Initial formation of blood vessels
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Vasculogenesis
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Derived from hemangioblast, rise into lymphocytes and blood stem cells.
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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Differentiation of angioblasts into endothelial tubes.
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VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).
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Generation of hemangioblasts.
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FGF2
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Regulate vascular growth (+ or -).
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Angiopoietins
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Sprouting of blood vessels from existing vessels.
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Angiogenesis
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Several bar-like mesodermal ridges covered externally with ectoderm.
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Pharyngeal arch
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Outpocketing of pharyngeal endoderm creates separations between the arches, lined in endoderm.
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Pharyngeal pouches
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Portion of the gut that contains the liver, gall bladder and pancreas, respiratory tube.
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Foregut
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Portion of the gut that contains the digestion tube.
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Midgut
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Portion of the gut that contains extraembryonic layers and cloacal membrane.
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Hindgut
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Branch from the foregut lined by endoderm and caused in mesoderm, forms lungs, induced by shh and FGF10.
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Respiratory diverticulum
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Bisected by endoderm, forms mouth, in foregut.
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Oral plate
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Where gut meets the endoderm.
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Cloacal membrane
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1st pharyngeal arch contributes to ____
2nd pharyngeal arch contributes to ___ 4th pharyngeal arch contributes to ____ |
1st: chewing muscles
2nd: facial expression muscles 4th: larynx muscles |
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What genes help in the patterning of branching in formation of the lungs.
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shh and FGF10
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Decrease surface tension between water and air, mix of lipids and protein.
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Serfactin
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Function - gas exchange
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Aveoli
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Gene in lungs that has highly restricted localization.
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Id2
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Send bile to small intestine to help salt emulsify fats, detoxify blood, store glycogen, produce urea.
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Liver
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Exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (hormone) production.
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Pancreas
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Store bile which aids in digesting lipids.
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Gall bladder
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Ventral outpocketing of the endoderm into surrounding mesenchyme.
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Hepatic diverticulum
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Liver formation:
+ signals from __________ - signals from __________ |
+: cardiogenic mesoderm
-: notochord, ectoderm and mesenchyme |
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What gene triggers the development and formation of the pancreas? Where is it expressed?
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pdx1
endoderm |
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Aids in the formation of limbs and lungs
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FGF10
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Major cell type in the liver, aids in protein synthesis and storage.
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Hepatocytes
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Another name for the first pharyngeal arch, forms the face and jaw bones.
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Mandibular arch
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Bianary decision of a cell on (induced pathway) off (default maintained).
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Genetic switch
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Chromosome type or ratio determines sex (male/female)
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Chromosomal basis of sex
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In embryo, fomation of ovary or testes by biopotential gonad.
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Primary sex determination
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All other sexual characteristics, anything from puberty.
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Secondary sex determination
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Gonad that is sexually indifferent. How long is this for?
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Indifferent (bipotential) gonad
7 weeks |
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Normal factors and development maintained through genetic switch.
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Default state
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Forms the testes
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Wolffian duct
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Forms the ovaries
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Mullerian duct
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Cells that produce testosterone, adjacent to seminiferous tubules.
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Leydig cells
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Present in indifferent gonads, rise to primitive sex cords, if male are maintained into testis cords and if females are degenerated.
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Genital ridge
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Derived from genital ridge, gives rise to testis cords.
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primitive sex cords
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Derived from sex cords, if maintained=male
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Rete testis cords
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Mesoderm that makes the kidney and gonads.
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Intermediate mesoderm
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Derived from genital ridge, gives rise to primordial follicles.
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Cortical sex cords
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PGC
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Primordial germ cells
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Nurse cell in the seminiferous tubules.
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Sertoli Cells
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Resides on the Y chromosome, Sry on short arm tip of the chromosome.
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Testis determining factor
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Transcription factor and HMG box, sex determining factor, switched to activate sox 9, on: testes off: ovary.
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SRY (sex determining region of Y chromosome)
HMG (high mobility group box) |
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On autosome of Y chromosome, induce formation of testes.
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Sox 9
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Gene on X chromosome that represses the development of testes.
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Dax 1
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Malformation of gonads XY female, twice as much Dax1 that super super-supresses Sry.
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Gonadal dysgenesis
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Need this gene to form ovaries, without it there is no development of ovaries.
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Wnt4
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Mutation in testosterone receptor (XY female).
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
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XO female
Phenotype: short and many secondary characteristics developed, look like a child. |
Turners syndrome
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XXY male
Phenotype: appearance of male and female, tall. |
Kleinfelters syndrome
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Hormone that degenerates the Mullerian duct.
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AMH (anti-mullerian hormone)
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X:A
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Ratio of X to Autosome sets
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XXAA ratio (1) develops into a _____
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Female
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XYAA ratio (0.5) develops into a ______
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Male
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A:X ratio is <1 but >0.5
All regions of the body are the same genotype but has male and female intermediates |
Intersex phenotype
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Two genotypes in one body: some regions of the body genetically male, other regions genetically female.
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Gynandromorphs
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Sex determination is a _________ implemented by a ___________.
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binary choice
regulatory cascade |
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When gene is maintained it activates tra, when off it develops into a male, master switch for sex determination.
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Sxl (sex lethal gene)
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X encoded, bind sxl early promoter, stimulate sxl transcription from P(e). "Male exon" spliced out and functional sxl made.
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Numerator proteins
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Autosome encoded, bind to numerator proteins and block their DNA binding activity, sxl early promoter remains unstimulated - no sxl made
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Denominator proteins
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Mechanism used to equalize the amount of X-linked products made in male and females.
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Dosage compensation
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Inactive X chromosomes in humans.
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Barr bodies
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In humans: 2 X chromosomes active and later one shuts down, random which one, permanent inactivation, daughter cells keep same x inactive.
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X inactivation
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Active in inactive X chromosome and is never made into protein.
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XIST RNA
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Locus from which X inactivation initiates and spreads; XIST transcribed here.
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XIC (X-inactivation center)
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XIST changes chromatin structure by _______ and ______
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methylation and deacetylation
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Colder temperatures affect enzymatic activity, cooler temperatures induce testosterone which induce male development.
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Aromatase activity
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Chemicals that can reverse the sex of some organisms (turtles) that developed as males previously.
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PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyl compounds)
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Herbicide that can change organisms (frogs) into hermaphrodites by altering their reproductive organs.
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Atrazine
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