Development Of Nervous System

Front 1

What is neurulation?

Back 1

Formation of the neural tube and neural crest

Front 2

When does neurulation occur?

Back 2

2nd - 4th weeks after fertilization

Front 3

When is primary neurulation complete?

Back 3

When neural tube closes

Front 4

Epidermal Placode

Back 4

Sensory Neurons in Spinal Nerves

Sensory Neurons in Cranial Nerves

Post-ganglionic autonomic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic - cell bodies in PNS)

Front 5

What is the neural tube and neural crest derived from?

Back 5

Thickening of the epidermis

Front 6

Dysraphic Defects are also called...

Back 6

Neuroectoderm

Front 7

Nervous system components derived from the neural crest (3)

Back 7

Otic

Olfactory

Lens

Epibranchial

Dorsolateral

Front 8

Cranioschisis: basic problem

Back 8

Neural tube defects

Front 9

Anencephaly

Back 9

Neural tube does not form properly

Front 10

Crania bifidum and distortion of craino-facial features

Back 10

Malformation of Anterior Neural Tube

Front 11

Encephalocele

Back 11

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

Front 12

Meningocele

Back 12

Anencephaly

Front 13

Meningoencephalocele

Back 13

Herniation of intracranial contents through an opening in the cranium

Front 14

Meningohydroencephalocele

Back 14

Meninges and CSF herniate out due to incomplete skull formation (but not brain/ventricle)

Front 15

'Myelo'

Back 15

CSF, Meninges and Brain herniate out due to incomplete skull formation (but not ventricle)

Front 16

'Bulbia'

Back 16

CSF, meninges, brain and ventricle herniate out due to incomplete skull formation.

Front 17

Meningoencephalocele

Back 17

Spinal cord

Front 18

'Bulbia'

Back 18

Medulla (brainstem)

Front 19

'occulta'

Back 19

Hidden

Front 20

Syringobulbua

Back 20

Medulla (brainstem)

Front 21

'occulta'

Back 21

Hidden

Front 22

Syringobulbia

Back 22

Cavitation of the medulla creating an open space where there shouldn't be

Front 23

Myeloschisis

Back 23

Malformation of the posterior neural tube

Front 24

What is Spina bifida an example of?

Back 24

Myeloschisis

Front 25

Indication: dark/light pigment and possible tuft of hair along the midline of the back. May be asymptomatic

Back 25

Spina bifida occulta

Front 26

CSF filled sack on midline of the back; meninges petrude but without spinal cord damage

Back 26

Meningocele (Spina bifida cyctica)

Front 27

Damaged spinal cord; CSF filled sack and meninges herniate in midline of back; usually accompanied by brain complications; no sensory information to legs and trouble voiding

Back 27

Myelomeningocele (also called meningomyelocele or Spina Bifida cyctica/aperta)

Front 28

Where can spina bifida occur?

Back 28

Anywhere along the spinal midline

Front 29

Where is the most common location for spina bifida to occur?

Back 29

Lumbosacral

Front 30

the most common permanently disabling birth defect in the US

Back 30

Spina Bifida

Front 31

accumulation of CSF and rise in intracranial pressure; possible brain damage

Back 31

Hydrocephalus

Front 32

What are the two common conditions related to meningiomyelocele?

Back 32

Hydrocephalus

Chiari malformations

Front 33

Displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum; found more frequently in adults

Back 33

Type I Chiari Malformation

Front 34

Displacement of cerebelllum and part of the brain stem through the foramen magnum; may be agenesis of cerebellar brains; commonly accompanies meningomyelocele

Back 34

Type II (Arnold) Chiari Malformations

Front 35

Often found in kids with spina bifida

signs: breathing and swallowing difficulties

Back 35

Type II (Arnold) Chiari Malformations

Front 36

Most extensive displacement of cerebellum and lower brain stem through foramen magnum; may be apparent as encephalocele

Back 36

Type III Chiari Malformation

Front 37

What diagnostic tools are used in evaluating for NTD?

Back 37

Alpha-fetoprotein levels

Ultrasound

Front 38

where is alpha-fetoprotein produced?

Back 38

Fetal liver

Front 39

Prevention of NTD

Back 39

Vitamin B9/Folic Acid

Front 40

Secondary Neurulation

Back 40

Formation of the caudal sacral and coccygeal spinal cord

Front 41

What is an example of myelodysplasia (secondary neurulation disorder)

Back 41

Spina bifida

Front 42

What are the 2 common secondary neurulation disorders

Back 42

Myelodysplasia

Tethered Cord Syndrome

Front 43

Secondary Neurulation disorder where conus medularis and filum terminale abnormally fixed to defective vetebral bones.

Back 43

Tethered cord syndrome

Front 44

In tethered cord syndrome, what causes the damage?

Back 44

Forces on the spinal cord

Front 45

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube from deep to superficial to develop after neurulation?

Back 45

Mitotic Layer

Mantle Layer

Marginal Layer

Front 46

What neural tube layer to neuroblasts migrate to in order to become a neuron?

Back 46

Mantle Layer

Front 47

Stem cells of neurons and glial cells are found in what neural tube layer?

Back 47

Mitotic Layer

Front 48

What neural growth factor is associated with the Alar Plate?

Back 48

Bone morphogenic hormome (BMP)

Front 49

What neural growth factor is associated with the Basal Plate?

Back 49

Sonic HedgeHog (SHH)

Front 50

What are the 2 neural growth factors present in the differentiation of the neural tube?

Back 50

BMP (bone morphogenic protein)

SHH (sonic HedgeHog)

NGF (nerve growth factor)

Front 51

What allows for the alar and basal plates to form?

Back 51

Gradient in the neural growth factors

Front 52

Where does the BMP (Bone morphogenic protein) come from?

Back 52

Epidermis

Front 53

Where does the SHH (Sonic HedgeHog) come from?

Back 53

Notochord

Front 54

What is the original NT layer of the Alar and Basal Plates

Back 54

Mantal

Front 55

Alar has what nerve fibers

Back 55

Sensory

Front 56

Basal has what nerve fibers

Back 56

Motor

Front 57

What separates the basal and alar plates

Back 57

Sulcus limitans

Front 58

What neural tube layer does gray matter originate from?

Back 58

Mantal

Front 59

what horn of gray matter is derived form the alar plate?

Back 59

Dorsal (posterior) horn

Front 60

What horn of gray matter is derived form the basal plate?

Back 60

Ventral (anterior) horn

Front 61

What are the 3 horns of gray matter?

Back 61

Dorsal (posterior)

Lateral (at some levels)

Ventral (Anterior)

Front 62

What kind of nerves are found in the dorsal horn of gray matter?

Back 62

Sensory

Front 63

What kind of nerves are found in the ventral horn of gray matter?

Back 63

Motor

Front 64

Where is the lateral horn not visible

Back 64

the top and bottom of the spinal cord

Front 65

The rostral neural tube becomes...

Back 65

the embryonic brain

Front 66

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles that are produce between weeks 3 and 4 of development?

Back 66

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Front 67

What primary brain vesicle corresponds to the forebrain?

Back 67

Prosencephalon

Front 68

What primary brain vesicle corresponds to the midbrain?

Back 68

Mesencephalon

Front 69

What primary brain vesicle corresponds to the hindbrain?

Back 69

Rhombencephalon

Front 70

What is the name of the flexure that separates the spinal cord from the rhombencephalon?

Back 70

Cervical Flexure

Front 71

What is the name of the felxure that separates the Rhombencephalon from the Mesencephalon?

Back 71

Cephalic Felxure

Front 72

What secondary brain vesicles does the prosencephalon form?

Back 72

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Front 73

What secondary brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon form?

Back 73

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Front 74

The Retina is an outgrowth of what secondary brain vesicle?

Back 74

Diencephalon

Front 75

The secondary brain vesicles that produces the Retina is from what primary brain vesicle?

Back 75

Prosencephalon

Front 76

What gives the 4th ventricle a 'diamond' shape when viewed from above?

Back 76

Pantine flexure

Front 77

Where is the pantine flexure located?

Back 77

between the myelencephalon and metencephalon

Front 78

Where is the cervical flexure located?

Back 78

Between the spinal cord and myelencephalon

Front 79

Where is the cephalic flexure located?

Back 79

between the metencephalon and mesencephalon

Front 80

What secondary brain vesicle produces the third ventricle

Back 80

Diencephalon

Front 81

What secondary brain vesicles are considered 'forebrain'?

Back 81

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Front 82

What secondary brain vesicles are considered 'brain stem'?

Back 82

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Front 83

What part of the neural tube opens laterally during hindbrain development?

Back 83

Tectum

Front 84

Where is a prominent tectum found?

Back 84

Midbrain

Front 85

Where is the tectum so small that it is largely ignored in hindbrain?

Back 85

Medulla and Pons

Front 86

Where is there a prominent tegmentum in the hindbrain?

Back 86

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

Front 87

What does the choroid plexus do?

Back 87

Make CSF

Front 88

From which plate of the mantle layer does the cerebellum develop?

Back 88

Alar Plate

Front 89

from what secondary brain vesicle does the cerebellum develop?

Back 89

Metencephalon

Front 90

From what secondary brain vesicle does the Cerebral cortex develop?

Back 90

Telencephalon

Front 91

From what secondary brain vesicle does the basal ganglia develop?

Back 91

Telencephalon

Front 92

From what secondary brain vesicle do the thalamus and hypothalamus develop?

Back 92

Diencephalon

Front 93

Where is the choroid plexus located?

Back 93

Lateral Ventricles