Development Of Cv And Heart

Front 1

What does vasculogenesis form?

Back 1

the horseshoe-shaped endocardial tubes

Front 2

Where do primitive blood cells and vessels form?

Back 2

in the splanchnopleuric mesoderm

Front 3

What is the cranial portion of vasculogenesis area and the surrounding splanchnopleuric mesoderm called?

Back 3

cardiogenic area

Front 4

What blood islands are in the cardiogenic area

Back 4

R&L dorsal aortae (medial)
endocardial tubes (lateral)

Front 5

What do the endocardial tubes become?

Back 5

venous structures including:
posterior cardinal veins
anterior cardial veins
vitelline veins
single heart tube (formed by fusion of the R&L tubes

Front 6

What does the cardiogenic area develop next to? What cavity will this form?

Back 6

the intraembryonic coelom (future pericardial cavity)

Front 7

What does cranial folding form?

Back 7

aortic arch

Front 8

What are the regions of the heart tube listed from caudal (blood intake) to cranial (outflow)?

Back 8

R&L sinus venosus
single atrium
single ventricle
single bulbus cordis
single aortic sac

Front 9

What does the aortic sac connect to?

Back 9

1st aortic arches

Front 10

What new layers does the splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiate into?

Back 10

myocardium (heart muscle) and cardiac jelly
mesothelial cells

Front 11

What do mesothelial cells form?

Back 11

serous epicardium or visceral pericardium

Front 12

What are the 4 layers of the heart from inside to outside?

Back 12

endocardium (primative enothelium)
cardiac jelly
myocardium-responsible for contraction
epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Front 13

How does the transverse pericardial sinus form?

Back 13

programmed cell death resulting in rupture of the dorsal mesentery of the heart

Front 14

Describe what occurs when the heart tube begins to elongate, loop and fold on itself.

Back 14

bulbus cordis-grows so that it is displaced inferiorly, ventrally and to the right side of the body
sinus venosus and atrium grow so they are superior and posterior
second aortic arch appears

Front 15

What is dextrocardia?

Back 15

when the base of the heart is directed to the right side of the body

Front 16

What is it called when all organs are reversed?

Back 16

situs inversus

Front 17

At what day does blood start to circulate?

Back 17

24

Front 18

What do endocardial cushions form?

Back 18

septum intermedium

Front 19

What must properly form in order to avoid heart defects?

Back 19

endocardial cushions

Front 20

What can occur is endocardial cushions don't properly form?

Back 20

atrial and ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great vessels

Front 21

What contributes to the cells that form the endocardial cushion?

Back 21

neural crest cells, this is why if a baby has craniofacial defects they are at an increased risk of having congenital heart defects

Front 22

What happens to the sinus venosus as venous inflow shifts to the right?

Back 22

it is incorporated into the wall of the atrium (results in smooth inner wall)

Front 23

What does the anterior cardinal vein become?

Back 23

superior vena cava

Front 24

What does the right inferior vitelline vein become?

Back 24

inferior vena cava

Front 25

What does the left horn of the sinus venosus become?

Back 25

coronary sinus

Front 26

What does the right horn of the sinus venosus do?

Back 26

it grows larger and is incorporated into the posterior wall of the primitive atrium (these areas will be smooth-walled)

Front 27

What grows down from the superoposterior wall of the atrium and begins the process of forming a L&R atrium?

Back 27

septum primum

Front 28

What connects the R&L atrium?

Back 28

ostium primum (it diminishes)

Front 29

At week 6 what two things fuse, resulting in a right and left atria as well as dismissing the ostium primum?

Back 29

septum primum and septum intermedium

Front 30

During week 5 programmed cell death creates several new openings in the septum primum near the superior edge called what?

Back 30

ostium secundum, this keeps the R&L atria connected

Front 31

During the 5th week the septum secundum, which grows from the posteriosuperior wall of the primitive atrium, fuses with what?

Back 31

septum intermedium

Front 32

The arrangement of the foramen ovale in the septum secundum and ostium secundum in the septum primum allows what?

Back 32

blood to flow from R atrium to L, but never L to R

Front 33

During the 4th week a thick muscular interventricular septum starts to grow up from the inferior wall of the ventricle towards what?

Back 33

septum intermedium

Front 34

What stops growing during week 7, leaving the R&L ventricles connected?

Back 34

muscular ventricular septum

Front 35

What keeps the R&L ventricles connected?

Back 35

interventricular foramen

Front 36

What do ridges of the myocardium protruding toward the lumen of the R&L ventricle form?

Back 36

trabeculae

Front 37

When do the atrioventricular valves, chordae tendinae and papillary muscles start to differentiate?

Back 37

weeks 5-8

Front 38

Truncus swellings grow out as a spiral from the wall of what?

Back 38

truncus arteiosus

Front 39

What are the ridges that form from the walls of the truncus arteriosus called?

Back 39

conotruncal

Front 40

Conotruncal swelling divide the outflow of the heart into two spiraling channels. What are they?

Back 40

aorta
pulmonary arteries

Front 41

What type of cells contribute to both of the spiral ridges within the truncus arteriosus?

Back 41

neural crest cells

Front 42

At about the 8th week the proximal end of the growing conotruncal swellings grow inferiorly, contacting the septum intermedium and forming the thin membranous portion of what?(this completes separation of the ventriles)

Back 42

interventricular septum

Front 43

Failure to form the membranous portion of the interventricular septum, and thus filling in of the interventricular foramen leads to what?

Back 43

interventricular defect, the most common congenital heart defect

Front 44

What do the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves form from?

Back 44

Both form from the conotruncal swellings and
pulmonary-anterior swelling
aortic-posterior swelling

Front 45

Ventricular septal defects cause increased or decreased pressure in the left ventricle?

Back 45

increased, this forces blood to the right side and results in 1.2-1.7 times more blood passing into the pulmonary trunk than aorta

Front 46

What is the congenital cardiac malformation in which the outflow of the heart is through a single vessel rather than a pulmonary trunk and aorta?

Back 46

persistent truncus arteriosus
blood from both ventricles mix and go to both the body and lungs

Front 47

What causes truncus arteriosus?

Back 47

failure of the conotruncal ridges to fuse

Front 48

Describe Transposition of the great vessels.

Back 48

it is a congenital condition
the R ventricle pumps blood into the aorta and the left ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Front 49

What causes transposition of the great vessels?

Back 49

failure of the conotruncal ridges to spiral

Front 50

What is the most common congenital heart defect to cause cyanosis?

Back 50

Tetralogy of Fallot

Front 51

What 4 things does tetralogy of fallot consist of?

Back 51

ventricular septal defect
pulmonary stenosis
aorta that overrides both ventricles
hypertrophy of the R ventricle b/c it must equal pressure of the L ventricle

Front 52

What is it called when pulmonary valves are abnormally small and the ductus arteriosus remains open?

Back 52

pulmonary valvular stenosis

Front 53

What could a systolic trill in the suprasternal notch and at the left upper sternal border signify?

Back 53

pulmonary stenosis

Front 54

What is it called when the aortic valve fuses together, leaving only a small opening for blood?

Back 54

aortic valvular stenosis

Front 55

Where is a systolic murmur located in aortic stenosis?

Back 55

right sternal border

Front 56

What can cause aortic stenosis in adults?

Back 56

rheumatic disease

Front 57

Enlargement of the aortic arch can occur b/c of what?

Back 57

aortic stenosis, caused by jetting of blood

Front 58

In coarctation of the aorta where is the constriction located 95% of the time?

Back 58

just above or below the attachment of the ductus arteriosus

Front 59

What is blockage above the ductus arteriosus which usually remains open?

Back 59

Pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta

Front 60

What is blockage below the ductus arteriosus?

Back 60

Post-ductal coarctation of the aorta

Front 61

When the patent ductus arteriosus contracts following birth what forms?

Back 61

ligamentum arteriosum

Front 62

What is the hallmark diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta?

Back 62

hypertension in the upper extermites with hypotension in the lower limbs

Front 63

Where would a murmur be heard in patients w/ coarctation of the aorta?

Back 63

posteriorly in the interscapular region

Front 64

Where do pacemaker cells initially reside?

Back 64

at the caudal end of the heart at the sinus venosus

Front 65

As the sinus venosus becaome incorporated into the atrium pacemaker cells reside near the junction of the superior vena cava w/ the atrium and form what?

Back 65

SA node

Front 66

What forms after development of the superior endocardial cushion?

Back 66

AV node

Front 67

What does aortic arch I form?

Back 67

part of maxillary artery (in head)

Front 68

What does aortic arch II form?

Back 68

parts of very small hyoid and stapedial artery (in neck and head)

Front 69

What does aortic arch III form?

Back 69

common and part of internal carotid artery (in neck)

Front 70

What does aortic arch IV form?

Back 70

arch of the aorta

Front 71

What does aortic arch V form?

Back 71

it is not formed

Front 72

What does aortic arch VI form?

Back 72

pulmonary arteries

Front 73

On the right side of the 6th aortic arch connection is lost with what?

Back 73

the single dorsal aorta

Front 74

Does connection remain for the dorsal aorta and 6th aortic arch on the left side?

Back 74

yes, it is called the ductus arteriosus

Front 75

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

Back 75

produces a shunt for blood destined for the lungs to be shunted to the rest of the body during fetal development

Front 76

What can be given to premature infants in order to speed closure of a patent ductus arteriosus?

Back 76

Indomethican, a prostaglandin inhibitor

Front 77

What can be used to keep a patent ductus arteriosus open longer?
Why would this be necessary?

Back 77

Exogennous GPe1, this may be necessary for transpostion of the great vessels

Front 78

What do the major branches off of the vagus nerve (CNX) develop?

Back 78

recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 79

Because the 5th and 6th aortic arches partially disappear on the right side, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve runs under what?

Back 79

right subclavian artery

Front 80

The left side of the 6th arch remains attached so the left recurrent laryngeal nerve runs under what?

Back 80

ligamentum arteriosum

Front 81

What are the three pairs of veins returning blood to the embryonic heart at the sinus venosus in week 5 of development?

Back 81

vitelline veins (serve yolk sac)
umbilical (allantoic) (serve placenta)
cardinal veins (serve embryo)

Front 82

As the heart develops what happens to the sinus venosus?

Back 82

it shifts to the posterior right side of the heart

Front 83

What do the right and left vitelline veins go through as they approach the heart?

Back 83

septum transversum

Front 84

What do hepatic sinusoids develop from?

Back 84

right and left vitelline veins

Front 85

What forms the extensive vascular network called the hepatic sinusoids?

Back 85

liver cords in the septum transversum

Front 86

What does the GI use to drain blood back to the heart? (primitive)

Back 86

hepatic sinusoids

Front 87

What do the right vitelline veins give rise to?

Back 87

portal veins, which will drain the developing GI tract

Front 88

What channel in the liver brings blood from the left umbilical vein through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

Back 88

ductus venosus

Front 89

Which umbilical vein undergoes apoptosis at about the second month of development?

Back 89

right

Front 90

After birth the left umbilical vein will involute and form what?

Back 90

ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 91

What does the ductus venosus form?

Back 91

ligamentum venosum

Front 92

Discuss fetal circulation.

Back 92

umbilical vein (oxygenated)bypasses liver-ductus venosus into inferior vena cava-R atrium-foramen ovale-ostium secundum-L atrium-L ventricle-aorta

Front 93

What happens to blood that is pumped into the right ventricle during fetal circulation?

Back 93

pulmonary artery or ductus arteriosus

Front 94

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

Back 94

Connects pulmonary trunk to the junction of the arch w/ the descending aorta
bypass lungs

Front 95

What allows blood to flow from the right to left atrium?

Back 95

foramen ovale and ostium secundum