Development: Chapter 2

Front 1

When does life begin?

Back 1

This question is complex and influenced by cultural worldviews.

Front 2

What do the Beng people believe?

Back 2

Newborn is ancestral reincarnation.

ii) Wru not fully committed until umbilical stump falls off; goes between wrugbe and earth

iii) Mother attempts to make baby happy and content; body is elaborately decorated to increase positive attention

Front 3

What is Preformationism?

Back 3

An early theory of development which suggested minature, preformed humans lodged inside mother's eggs or father's sperm

Front 4

What is epigenesis?

Back 4

An early theory of development (Aristotle 4th c.) which proposed emergence of new structures and functions during development

Front 5

True or False?; All humans originate from union of twogametes (sperm from father; egg frommother).

Back 5

True!

Front 6

True or False?

Back 6

Gametes are produced through meiosis and contain 23 chromosomes; when united23 pairs result

Front 7

True or False?; Almost all eggs are formed after the prenatal stage.

Back 7

False; Almost all eggs are formed prenatally.

Front 8

Sperm production continues ___________

Back 8

Throughout life.

Front 9

Briefly describe the reproduction process.

Back 9

i) Egg launched from ovary into fallopian tube

ii) Triggered by sexual intercourse, egg released and as many as 500 million sperm enter vagina

iii) High failure rate due to genetics or other defects; survival of fittest

Front 10

The umbilical cord runs from the ______ to the ______ which is burrowed deeply into the wall of the _______.

Back 10

FETUS to the PLACENTA... into the wall of the UTERUS.

Front 11

The fetus is floating in _________ fluid inside the _______ sac.

Back 11

AMNIOTIC fluid inside the AMNIOTIC sac.

Front 12

What are the main sex differences between males and females?

Back 12

Males:

i) Sperm carry Y chromosome; lighter and faster than egg

ii) 120 to 150 males conceived for every 100 females

iii) Higher c-section birth; higher rate of developmental disorders

Front 13

What are the main sex differences between males and females? (con't)

Back 13

Females:

i) Ratio at birth is 106 males to 100 females

ii) Higher risk for culturally approved infanticide and preimplantationsorting/selection

Front 14

True or False?; Men have higher rate of mortality.

Back 14

TRUE!; but it has been decreasing ever since the middle of the 20th century.

Front 15

What are the 3 main stages of prenatal development?

Back 15

Germinal (Conception - 2weeks)

Embryonic (3rd-8th week)

Fetal (9th week to birth)

Front 16

Describe the germinal stage

Back 16

Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall.

Rapid cell division takes place

Front 17

Describe the Embryonic stage

Back 17

Following implantation, major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body.

Development takes place through the processes of cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death as well as hormonal influences.

Front 18

Describe the fetal stage

Back 18

Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body.

Increasing levels of behaviour, sensory experience and learning also occurs.

Front 19

What are the four main development processes?

Back 19

Cell Division (mitosis)

Cell Migration

Cell Differentiation

Cell Death (apoptosis)

Front 20

What role doe hormonal influences play in the development process?

Back 20

Helps for cell differentiation for sex-specific characteristics.

Front 21

Fingers emerge from the ______ _____ for an embryo and are formed as a result of ______ ____ between the ridges.

Back 21

HAND PLATE.... formed as a result of cell death (apoptosis)...

Front 22

What would happen if the cells between the ridges of the hand plate did not die?

Back 22

The baby would be born with webbed fingers.

Front 23

Humans share many characteristicsand developmental processes withother living things due to...?

Back 23

Common evolutionary history

Front 24

Humans share many characteristicsand developmental processes withother living things due to commonevolutionary history.

What impact does this have on research?

Back 24

Animal models can enhance understanding of human development

For example:

‣ Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

‣ Existence of fetal learning

Front 25

What happens on day 4 of development?

Back 25

Day 4: Inner cell mass arranged into hollow sphere

Front 26

What happens at the end of the first week of development?

Back 26

End of week 1:Implantation in uterine

Front 27

What happens during the second week of development?

Back 27

During week 2: Inner cell mass differentiates into three layers

Front 28

What happens to development after implantation?

Back 28

After implantation:Neural tube created:Brain, spinal cord

Front 29

What are the aspects of the early development support system (3).

Back 29

Support system:

i) Amniotic sac
ii) Placenta

iii) Umbilical cord

Front 30

What happens to the Embryo at 4 weeks?

Back 30

Embryo at 4 weeks:

i) Four folds in front head develops
ii) Primitive heart beating and circulating blood
iii) Arm and leg buds

Front 31

What happens to the Fetus at 5 and 1/2 to 8 and 1/2 weeks?

Back 31

Fetus at 5½ to 8½ weeks:

i) Differentiation begins in nose, mouth, palate

ii) By 8½ weeks these are separate structures

iii) Time when clef palate can occur

Front 32

What happens to the Fetus at 9 weeks?

Back 32

Fetus at 9 weeks:

i) Rapid brain growth

ii) All internal organs present

iii) Sexual differentiation starts

Front 33

What happens to the Fetus at 11 weeks?

Back 33

Fetus at 11 weeks:

i) Heart achieves basic heart structure

ii) Spine and ribs visible

iii) Major divisions of brain

Front 34

What happens to the Fetus at 16 weeks?

Back 34

Fetus at 16 weeks:

i) Growth in lower body accelerates

ii) Movement increases, breathing movements, and some reflexes

iii)External genitalia developed

Front 35

What happens to the Fetus at 18 weeks?

Back 35

Fetus at 18 weeks:

i) Covering of fine hair and greasy coating to protect skin

ii) Thumb-sucking visible

Front 36

What happens to the Fetus at 20 weeks?

Back 36

Fetus at 20 weeks:

i) More time spent with head down

ii) Facial expression components present

iii) Weight gain and cramped quarters in amniotic sac

Front 37

What happens to the Fetus at 28 weeks?

Back 37

Fetus at 28 weeks

i) Brain and lung development increases survival rate

ii) Eyes can experience REM movement

iii) Neural activity similar to newborn

iv) Weight tripled

Front 38

What is the approximate age of viability?

Back 38

Age of viability: at about 28 weeks gestation it becomes more likely that the fetus will survive is born prematurely.

Front 39

When does the fetus show spontaneous movement?

Back 39

5 weeks after conception

Front 40

True or false?; Fetal movement are initially jerky but become more integrated during development in the womb.

Back 40

TRUE!

Front 41

When do most movements present at birth appear in fetal development?

Back 41

By about 12 weeks

Front 42

True or False?; Prenatal continuity inmovement does not extend intopostnatal period

Back 42

False!; Prenatal continuity in movement extends into postnatal period

Front 43

What are two very important forms of movement?

Back 43

Swallowing: Promotes normal palate development; aids in digestive system development

Breathing: Fetal breathing at 10 weeks;increases in rate and stability over time

Front 44

When does fetal breathing occur?

Back 44

10 weeks; increases in rate and stability over time.

Front 45

Describe fetal sight and touch behaviours.

Back 45

Sight and touch:

Minimal visual experience; more tactile experience

Vestibular experience function before birth

Front 46

Describe fetal taste behaviours.

Back 46

Taste: Flavours in amniotic fluid, taste sensitivity, and fetal preferences present (DeSnoo research)

Front 47

Describe fetal smell behaviours.

Back 47

Smell: Amniotic fluid odourants provide olfactory experiences

Front 48

True or False?; Prenatal environmentrich with sounds

Back 48

True!

Front 49

External sounds are _______ to the fetus.

Back 49

Audible

Front 50

When do fetuses respond to sound?

Back 50

By about the sixth month.

Front 51

True or False?; Transitory heart-rate acceleration occurs withauditory stimulation.

Back 51

False!; Transitory heart-rate deceleration occurs with auditory stimulation

Front 52

When do rest-activity cycles occur?

Back 52

Rest-activity cycles: Emerge at 10 weeks and become stable by second half of pregnancy

Front 53

When are the circadian rhythms of the fetus similar to those of the newborn?

Back 53

Not until near the end of pregnancy.

Front 54

When do fetuses begin to illustrate fetal habituation (a simple form of learning)?

Back 54

At about 30 weeks gestation,the fetus decreases responses to repeated or continued stimulation

Front 55

What did Kisilevsky et al. (2003) show about the mother's voice?

Back 55

Kisilevsky et al. (2003): Fetus learns, prefers, and remember smother's voice

Front 56

What did Mennella et al. (2001) show about food preferences?

Back 56

Mennella et al. (2001): Food preferences linked to persistent effect of prenatal learning

Front 57

True or False?; Newborn infants have been shown to recognize rhymes and stories presented before birth.

Back 57

True!

Front 58

True or False?; Newborns also prefer smells, tastes, and sound patterns that are novel.

Back 58

False!; Newborns also prefer smells, tastes, and sound patterns that are familiar because of prenatal exposure.

Front 59

What is the most common misfortune in prenatal development?

Back 59

Miscarriage/Spontaneous abortion.

Front 60

What is the rate of miscarriage?

Back 60

About 1:3 fetuses do not survive to birth and 2:3 of those miscarriages occur before the pregnancy is clinically detectable.

Front 61

A majority of embryos that miscarry very early have....?

Back 61

Very severe defects

Front 62

What is the name for environmental hazards posed to development?

Back 62

Teratogens (e.g., alcohol, mercury, thalidomide)

Front 63

________ is a crucial factor in the severity of the effects of potentially harmful agents.

Back 63

Timing

Front 64

True or False?; Many agents can cause damage only if exposure occurs during a sensitive period in development.

Back 64

True!

Front 65

What is “Minamata disease”?

Back 65

A developmental disease cause by exposure to methylmercury.

Front 66

Most teratogens show a ________________ relation.

Back 66

Most teratogens show a dose-response relation.

Front 67

What is a dose-response relation?

Back 67

Increases in exposure topotential teratogens(cumulative effect) areassociated with greaterprobabilities of fetaldefects and with moresevere problems.

Front 68

__________ differences also influence the effects of teratogens.

Back 68

Individual differences also influence the effects of teratogens.

Front 69

Identifying teratogens is made difficult bythe existence of _______ ________ in which theimpact of a given agent may not beapparent for many years

Back 69

Identifying teratogens is made difficult bythe existence of sleeper effects in which theimpact of a given agent may not beapparent for many years

Front 70

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is linked to...? (3)

Back 70

Cigarette smoking duringpregnancy is linked to retardedgrowth, low birth weight, andpremature birth.

Front 71

What syndrome has cigarette smoking been linked to?

Back 71

Cigarette smoking has also been linked toSIDS (sudden infant death syndrome),although the ultimate causes of SIDS arestill unknown.

Front 72

What is the Back to Sleep campaign?

Back 72

Putting babies to sleep on their backs rather than their stomach to reduce instances of SIDS.

Since the inauguration of this campaign, SIDS in theCanada has declined to half its previous rate(Public Health Agency of Canada, 2008).

Front 73

What are some other pieces of advice given by the Back to Sleep campaign?

Back 73

i) Eliminating smoking

ii) Using firm mattresses and nopillows as bedding for infants

iii) Avoiding wrapping infants inlots of blankets or clothing

Front 74

What is the most common human teratogen?

Back 74

Alcohol

Front 75

What is the leading cause of fetal brain injury?

Back 75

Alcohol

Front 76

What is the most preventable teratogen?

Back 76

Alcohol.

Front 77

What is most likely to drink during pregnancy?

Back 77

More likely: White women; older than 35 years;employed.

** Extra bad because of alcohol + older maternal age.

Front 78

What is the disorder that can be caused by maternal alcoholism?

Back 78

Maternal alcoholism can lead to fetal alcoholspectrum disorder (FASD),

Associatedwith mental retardation, facial deformity, andother problems.

Front 79

What percentage of Canadian women report using illegal drugs in the three months before becoming pregnant or before realizing they are pregnant?

Back 79

6.7%

Front 80

Marijuana is suspected of affecting what? (3)

Back 80

i) Memory

ii) Learning

iii) Visual skills after birth.

Front 81

Cocaine-exposed children have reported what?

Back 81

Cognitive and Social deficits.

Front 82

True or False?; Most North Americans have not been exposedto toxic metals, synthetic hormones, andvarious ingredients of plastics, pesticides,and herbicides that can be teratogenic.

Back 82

False!

Front 83

What are PCBs? What are they associated with?

Back 83

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) have beenassociated with small head size as newbornsand slightly lower IQ scores as much as 11 yearslater.

Front 84

Fetuses experience _______ during birth.

Back 84

Squeezing.

Front 85

Research on the birth process has reveal what?

Back 85

Research on the birth process has revealedthat many aspects of the birth experiencehave adaptive value and increase thelikelihood of survival forthe newborn.

Front 86

Pressure on the head during birth can cause the separate platesof the skull to overlap, temporarily resulting in what?.

Back 86

Pressure on the head during birth can cause the separate platesof the skull to overlap, resulting in a temporarily misshapen head.

The condition rapidly corrects itself after birth.

Front 87

What are all cultures considered with in regards to child-birth?

How does this differ across cultures?

Back 87

All cultures pursue dual goals of safeguarding the survival and health ofthe mother and child and ensuring the social integration ofthe new person into society.

Cultures differ in relative importance placed on these two goals

Front 88

True or False?; Childbirth practices change over time within a givensociety

Back 88

True!

Shifts in the priority placed on different goals

Development of new strategies and technologies to achievethose goals

Front 89

Which model of childbirth practice prevails in Canada?

Back 89

The medical modelof childbirthprevails in theCanada.

Front 90

What is the APGAR scale?

Back 90

A method/scale for assessing the health of a newborn.

Front 91

What are the aspects of the APGAR scale?

Back 91

Appearance

Pulse

Grimace

Activity

Respiration

Front 92

What is a newborn's state of arousal?

Back 92

The infant's level ofarousal and engagement inthe environment:

i) Ranges from deep sleep to intenseactivity

ii) Is an important influence in thenewborn's exploration of the world

Front 93

What the newborn is in a quiet-alert state of arousal, the parents have a good chance of what?

Back 93

having a pleasurable interaction with the baby.

Front 94

What are the 6 states of arousal?

Back 94

Quiet sleep (8hrs)

Active sleep (8hrs)

Drowsing (1hr)

Alert awake (2.5hrs)

Active awake (2.5hrs)

Crying (2hrs)

Front 95

Newborns sleep ______ as much as young adults.

Back 95

Twice as much...

Front 96

As infants get older the pattern of _______ stages changes dramatically.

Back 96

Sleep stages (i.e., REM and non-REM).

Front 97

The adult aversion to crying may have __________ value.

Back 97

Adaptive.

Front 98

Early in infancy, crying reflects _______ or _______ but becomes gradually more ________________.

Back 98

Early in infancy, crying reflects discomfort orfrustration. but becomes gradually more communicative

Front 99

When do baby's cry the most?

Back 99

Crying peaks at around 6weeks and declines to about 1 hour per day for the first year.

Front 100

What is the peak time of the day for crying?

Back 100

Late afternoon and the evening.

Front 101

What are some strategies for soothing? (4/7)

Back 101

Rocking

Singing

Holding infant toshoulder

Providing pacifier

Front 102

What are some strategies for soothing? (3/7)

Back 102

Swaddling

Soothing touch

Placing small drop ofsweet substance ontongue

Front 103

Cause of Colic are...?

Back 103

Unknown

Front 104

More than ____ in 10 infants are affected by Colic.

Back 104

More than 1:10

Front 105

What does Colic typically end?

Back 105

Around 3months of age: Leaves no ill effects

Front 106

True or False?; Death during the first year after birth (infant mortality)has become a relatively rare event in the Westernindustrialized world.

Back 106

True!; In Canada, the infant mortality rate is 5.1 deaths per 1000live births

Front 107

Infants born in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are ______ to _____ times more likely to die before their firstbirthday as infants born in British Columbia and Nova Scotia

Back 107

2 to 3 times more likely....

Front 108

________ and ________ are associated with higher rates of infant mortality.

Back 108

Poverty and lack of health insurance are associated withhigh rates of infant mortality.

Front 109

What are some maternal factors that can effect development?

Back 109

The age, nutrition, disease, andemotional state of the motherall have an impact on prenataldevelopment.

Front 110

Infants born to girls ____ years oryounger have increase issues of prenatal development.

Back 110

15 years or younger.

Older mothers and fathers also experience issues.

Front 111

Where is infant mortality less?

Back 111

Developed countries.

Front 112

Breakdown in social organization due to war, famine, major epidemics and poverty can effect what?

Back 112

Infant mortality rates.

Front 113

True or False?; One in ten infants diebefore age 1 inAfghanistan, Mali, andSomalia

Back 113

True!

Front 114

What is considered low birth weight?

Back 114

Infants weighing less than 2,500 grams (LBW) ~ 5 ½ pounds

Front 115

How common is a low birth weight?

Back 115

6% of Canadian newborns.

Front 116

What is a VERY low birth weight?

Back 116

Infants weighing less than 1500 grams ~ 3 ⅓ pounds

Front 117

Infants with very low birth weight have higher rates of...?

Back 117

Higher rates of physical and developmental outcomes

Front 118

What is a premature infant?

Back 118

LBW infants born at or before 35 weeks after conception

Front 119

What is Small for Gestation Age? (SGA)

Back 119

LBW infants whose birth weight is substantially less than the norm for theirgestational age

Front 120

Skyrocketing rates of multiple births have be attributed to what?

Back 120

Successful treatments for infertility (i.e., fertility drugs and IVF).

Front 121

As a group, LBW babies experience what?

Back 121

As a group, LBW babies experience more medicalcomplications, have more developmentaldifficulties, and present special challenges forparents.

Front 122

True or False?; the majority of LBW babies do not turn out well.

Back 122

False!; the majority of LBW babies turn outquite well.

Front 123

What are widely used interventions for infants in neonatal intensive care?

Back 123

Extensive parent contact and more touch forinfants in neonatal intensive care are widely usedinterventions.

Front 124

True or False?; Parenting LBW babies presents special challenges.

Back 124

True!;

i) Parental feelings of guilt and inadequacy

ii) Stress of intensive care treatment

iii) Infants' disorganized states

Front 125

What do parents of LWBs benefit from? (3)

Back 125

i) Understanding that their preterm infants' development willnot follow the same timetable as that of a full-term infant

ii) Learning more about infant development

iii) Seeking social support and intervention programs

Front 126

Many interventions produce ______ gains that _______ over time.

Back 126

Modest gains that diminish over time.

Front 127

Success of the LWB is often tied to what?

Back 127

The initial health status of the infant.

Front 128

___________ risk is tied to outcomes.

Back 128

Cumulative risk

Front 129

Risk factors tend to occur _______?

Back 129

Together.

Front 130

A negative outcome is more likely when there are _________ risk factors.

Back 130

Multiple risk factors.

Front 131

True or False?; despite multiple risk factors, some individuals do well.

Back 131

True!

Front 132

True or False?; Poverty is a developmental hazard.

Back 132

True!;

i) Existence of multiple risks is strongly related tosocioeconomic factors.

ii) In many countries, minority families areoverrepresented in the lowest SES levels.

Front 133

In Canada, the poverty rate for racialized people(“persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who arenon-Caucasian in race or nonwhite in colour”) was ____% compared to ____% for non-racialized persons

Back 133

22% compared to 9% poverty rate.

Front 134

What does developmental resilience refer to?

Back 134

Developmental resilience refers tosuccessful development in the face ofmultiple and seemingly overwhelmingdevelopmental hazards.

Front 135

Resilient children often experience what?

Back 135

Responsive care from a particular caregiver AND possess personal characteristics such asintelligence and responsiveness to others.

Front 136

What are gametes?

Back 136

reproductive germ cells -- egg and sperm -- that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body.

Front 137

What is meiosis?

Back 137

Cell division that produces gametes.

Front 138

What is conception?

Back 138

The union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father.

Front 139

What is an embryo?

Back 139

The name given to the developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week.

Front 140

What is a fetus?

Back 140

The name given to the developing organism from the 9th week to birth.

Front 141

What is mitosis?

Back 141

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Front 142

What is an embryonic stem cell?

Back 142

Embryonic cells that can develop/differentiate into any type of body cell.

Front 143

What is phylogenetic continuity?

Back 143

The idea that because of our common evolutionary history, human share many characteristics, behaviours and developmental processes with other animals, especially other mammals.

Front 144

What is apoptosis?

Back 144

Genetically programmed cell death.

Front 145

What is the neural tube?

Back 145

A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.

Front 146

What is the amniotic sac?

Back 146

A transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus.

Front 147

What is the placenta?

Back 147

A support organ for the fetus which keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother separate, but as a semi-permeable membrane permits the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and carbon dioxide and waste products from the fetus to the mother,.

Front 148

What is the umbilical cord?

Back 148

A tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and the placenta.

Front 149

What is cephalocaudal development?

Back 149

The pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head.

Front 150

What is a teratogen?

Back 150

An external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development.

Front 151

What is a sensitive period?

Back 151

The period of time during which developing organisms are most sensitive to the effects of external factors (like teratogens).

Front 152

What is the sensitive period for the CNS?

Back 152

3 - 6 weeks (just over)

Front 153

What is the sensitive period for the heart?

Back 153

3.5 - 6.5 weeks (just over)

Front 154

What is the sensitive period for arms?

Back 154

4.5 - 7 weeks.

Front 155

Sensitive period for eyes?

Back 155

4.5 - 8-5 weeks

Front 156

Sensitive period for legs?

Back 156

4.5 - 7 weeks

Front 157

Sensitive period for teeth?

Back 157

Almost 7 weeks - 12 weeks.

Front 158

Sensitive period of the palate?

Back 158

About 6 to 8.5 weeks.

Front 159

Sensitive period for genitalia?

Back 159

6.5 to 12.5 weeks.

Front 160

Sensitive period for ears?

Back 160

4.5 to 12.5 weeks.

Front 161

Issues caused by FASD?

Back 161

Facial deformities, mental retardation, attention problems, hyperactivity.

Front 162

What is FAE?

Back 162

Fetal alcohol effects: A terms used for individuals who show some, but not all, of the standard effects of FAS.

Front 163

What is SIDS?

Back 163

The sudden, unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age that has no identifiable cause.

Front 164

What is an arousal state?

Back 164

The level of arousal and engagement in the environment, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.

Front 165

What is REM sleep?

Back 165

An active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky eye-movements under closed lids associated with dreaming in adults.

Front 166

What is NREM sleep?

Back 166

A quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and regular, slow brain waves, breathing and heart rate.

Front 167

What is swaddling?

Back 167

A soothing technique used in many cultures, that involves wrapping a baby tightly in cloths or a blanket.

Front 168

What is colic?

Back 168

Excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no fuc-king reason.

Front 169

What is infant mortality?

Back 169

Death during the first year AFTER birth.

Front 170

What is LBW?

Back 170

2500 grams or less (5.5 pounds)

Front 171

What is VLBW?

Back 171

1500 grams or less (3.3 pounds)

Front 172

What is premature?

Back 172

Any child born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier.

Front 173

What is small for gestational age (SGA)?

Back 173

Babies that weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age is.

Front 174

What is developmental resilience?

Back 174

Successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards!