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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the facial prominences derived from?
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neural crest cells
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What do the facial prominences surround during the fourth week of development?
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stomodeum
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What is another name for the stomodeum?
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primitive mouth
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What are the 5 facial prominences during the fourth week of development?
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(1) frontonasal prominence, (2) maxillary prominences, (2) mandibular prominences
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Which prominence is cranial to the stomodeum?
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frontonasal prominence
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Which prominence is lateral to the stomodeum?
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maxillary prominence
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Which prominence is caudal to the stomodeum?
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mandibular prominence
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Which prominence develops into the forehead, upper eyelid, nose and nasal cavity?
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frontonasal prominence
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Which prominence develops into the cheek, upper jaw, upper lip, and lateral aspect of the nose?
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maxillary prominence
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Which prominence develops into mandible, chin, and lower lip?
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mandibular prominence
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What are the maxillary and mandibular prominences derived from, thus giving them a common sensory innervation?
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2nd pharyngeal arch
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During which week of development are the 5 facial prominences present?
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early fourth week
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During which week of development do the nasal placodes develop?
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late fourth week
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During which week of development do the mandibular prominences fuse at the midline?
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late fourth week
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What happens during the late fourth week of development?
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nasal placodes develop and mandibular prominences fuse across midline
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What forms from ectodermal thickenings on the ventrolateral parts of the frontonasal prominences?
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nasal placodes
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What eventually becomes the nasal placodes?
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frontonasal prominences
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When do the nasal placodes become depressed to form the medial and lateral nasal prominences?
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fifth week
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When do the nasal placodes become nasal pits?
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fifth week
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When do the primordia of the auricles appear?
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fifth week
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What happens during the fifth week of development?
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nasal placodes become depressed and form the medial and lateral nasal prominences, nasal placodes then develop into nasal pits, and the primordia of the auricles appear
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What forms during the fifth week of development when the nasal placodes become depressed as mesenchyme surrounding them proliferates?
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(2) medial and (2) lateral nasal prominences
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What are the horseshoe-shaped elevations formed by the nasal placodes during the fifth week of development?
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(2) medial and (2) lateral nasal prominences
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What forms when the nasal placodes invaginate during the fifth week of development?
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nasal pits
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What are the primitive nasal cavities and nostrils?
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nasal pits
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How do the primordia of the auricles appear during the fifth week of development?
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(3) auricular hillocks on each side
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How do the maxillary prominences grow during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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medially
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What happens during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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maxillary prominences fuse to form the intermaxillary segment, frontonasal prominence becomes the nasal septum, upper lip forms, lateral nasal prominences fuse w/ maxillary prominences
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What forms when the maxillary prominences grow medially and press on the medial nasal prominences causing them to move toward the midline?
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intermaxillary segment
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When is the intermaxillary segment formed?
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7th-10th weeks of development
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What does the intermaxillary segment give rise to in the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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philtrum, primary palate, and medial maxilla
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What does the philtrum develop from during the 7th-10th weeks?
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intermaxillary segment
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What does the primary palate come from during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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intermaxillary segment
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What does the medial maxilla come from during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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intermaxillary segment
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What is the nasal septum derived from during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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frontonasal prominence
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What forms from the fusion of the medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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upper lip
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What are the conditions that occur when the medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences don't fuse correctly?
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cleft lip and/or cleft palate
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What forms when the lateral nasal prominences fuse w/ the maxillary prominences during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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lateral side of the nose, cheek, and nasolacrimal apparatus
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What is the lateral side of the nose derived from during the 7th week of development?
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lateral nasal prominences
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What is the cheek derived from during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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maxillary prominences
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What forms the nasolacrimal apparatus during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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thickening of ectoderm in the nasolacrimal groove
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What forms from the thickening of ectoderm in the nasolacrimal groove during the 7th-10th weeks of development?
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nasolacrimal apparatus
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When does the upper jaw completely fuse?
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7th-10th weeks of development
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What forms the secondary palate during 7th-10th weeks of development?
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fusion of maxillary prominences
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What forms the upper jaw during 7th-10th weeks of development?
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fusion of maxillary prominences
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When do the structures of the face develop their characteristic forms?
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early fetal stage
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What happens during the early fetal stage of development?
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characteristic structures of the face form, muscles of facial expression develop
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What causes the eyes to shift medially during the early fetal stage of development?
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enlargement of the brain
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What happens when the enlarged brain causes the eyes to shift medially in the early fetal stage of development?
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normal, forward-looking orientation of the eyes
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What structures rise from the elongation of the mandible during the early fetal stage of development?
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ears
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What are the muscles of facial expression derived from during the early fetal stage of development?
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myoblasts from the second pharygeal arch
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When is the face fully developed?
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by the 14th week of development
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What initially separates the stomodeum from the foregut?
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oropharyngeal membrane
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What is the bi-layered membrane derived from the prechordal plate?
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oropharyngeal membrane
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What does the oropharyngeal membrane consist of?
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ectoderm and mesoderm
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When does the oropharyngeal membrane rupture?
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around day 26
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What happens when the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures?
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mouth and pharynx are continuous
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What results in the formation of the nasal sacs?
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continued deepening of the nasal pits
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The nasal pits continue to deepen to form which structures?
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nasal sacs
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What initially separates the nasal sacs from the oral cavity?
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oronasal membrane
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By what week of development can the oral cavity and nasal sacs communicate?
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6th week
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How do the nasal sacs and oral cavity communicate?
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primordial choanae
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What separates the oral cavity and the nasal sacs for a second time?
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secondary palate
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What causes the choanae to move to the junction of the nasal cavity and pharynx?
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development of the secondary palate
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When do the nasal conchae develop by?
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12 weeks
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What develops on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities by week 12?
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nasal conchae
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When do the olfactory epithelium develop by?
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12 weeks
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What develops on the roof of the nasal cavity by week 12?
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olfactory epithelium
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What develops late in fetal life and continues to develop during puberty?
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paranasal sinuses
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What contributes to the overall shape of the face?
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paranasal sinuses
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Action: frontalis m.
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raises eyebrow, wrinkles forehead
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Action: orbicularis oculi m.
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sphincter m. that closes eyelid
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Which facial m. consists of two bellies that run over top of the skull?
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frontalis m.
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Which facial m. has a palpebral and an orbital portion?
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orbicular oculi m.
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Action: corrugator supercilii m.
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Draws eyebrow inferiorly and medially
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Which facial m. is associated w/ the "firm brow"?
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corrugator supercilii m.
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Action: procerus m.
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wrinkles skin over bridge of nose
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What facial m. is associated w/ the "disgusted look" and is located between the eyebrows?
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procerus m.
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Action: nasalis m.
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dilates nostrils
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Which facial m. is associated w/ the nostril "flare"?
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nasalis m.
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Action: depressor septi m.
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draws septum inferiorly
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Which facial m. is located in the midline of the inferior aspect of the nose and closes the opening of the nare?
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depressor septi m.
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Action: orbicularis oris m.
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Sphincter that closes lips and shapes lips to form words during speech
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Which m. is associated w/ "puckering up"?
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orbicularis oris m.
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Action: levator labii superioris m.
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elevates upper lip and angle of mouth
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Action: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.
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elevates upper lip and angle of mouth
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Which mm. are associated w/ the "Elvis" look or "snarl"?
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levator labii superioris and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi mm.
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Action: zygomaticus minor m.
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elevates angle of mouth
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Action: zygomaticus major m.
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elevates angle of mouth
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Action: levator anguli oris m.
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elevates angle of mouth
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Which m. is deep to the zygomaticus minor m.?
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levator anguli oris m.
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Which mm. are involved in smiling?
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zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, levator anguli oris mm.
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Action: risorious m.
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retracts angle of mouth
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Which facial m. is associated w/ widening the mouth?
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risorius m.
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Action: buccinator m.
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compresses cheeks
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Which facial m. is located deep in the cheek in close proximity to outer aspect of the teeth?
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buccinator m.
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Which facial m. is associated w/ inhibiting "chipmunk cheeks" while eating?
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buccinator m.
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Action: depressor anguli oris m.
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depresses angle of mouth
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Which facial m. is associated w/ frowning?
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depressor anguli oris m.
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Action: depressor labii inferioris m.
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depresses lower lip
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Action: mentalis m.
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protrudes lower lip
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Which facial m. is associated w/ "pouting"?
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mentalis m.
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Action: auricularis anterior m.
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retracts or elevates ear
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Action: auricularis superior m.
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retracts or elevates ear
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Action: auricularis posterior m.
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retracts or elevates ear
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Action: platysma m.
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tenses skin of the neck
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Which n. supplies motor innervation to mm. of facial expression?
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Facial CN VII
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What does Facial CN VII exit the skull through?
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stylomastoid foramen
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What are three immediate branches of Facial CN VII after it exits the stylomastoid foramen?
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posterior auricular n., n. to stylohyoid, n. to posterior belly of digastric m.
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Which n. is the posterior auricular n. a branch of?
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Facial CN VII
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Which n. is the n. to the stylohyoid a branch of?
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Facial CN VII
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Which n. is the n. to the posterior belly of the digastric a branch of?
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Facial CN VII
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Which n. passes anteriorly from the stylomastoid foramen to the parotid gland, which it runs through?
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Facial CN VII
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What are the two divisions of Facial CN VII in the face?
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temporozygomatic and cervicomandibular divisions
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What are the nn. in the temporozygomatic division of Facial CN VII?
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temporal and zygomatic branches of Facial CN VII
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What are the nn. in the cervicomandibular division of Facial CN VII?
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buccal, mandibular (marginal mandibular), cervical branches
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What are the branches of Facial CN VII?
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temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches
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Innervation: frontalis m.
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temporal branch of Facial CN VII
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Innervation: orbicularis oculi m.
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superior (palpebral): temporal branch of Facial CN VII; inferior (orbital): zygomatic branch of Facial CN VII
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Which mm. does the temporal branch of Facial CN VII innervate?
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frontalis and superior (palpebral) orbicularis oculi mm.
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Innervation: mm. inferior to orbit
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zygomatic branch of Facial CN VII
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Which mm. does the zygomatic branch of Facial CN VII innervate?
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inferior (orbital) orbicularis oculi m. and mm. inferior to orbit
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Innervation: buccinator m.
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buccal branch of Facial CN VII
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Innervation: mm. of superior lip
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buccal branch of Facial CN VII
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Which facial mm. are innervated by the buccal branch of Facial CN VII?
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buccinator m. and mm. of superior lip
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Innervation: risorius m.
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Mandibular (marginal mandibular) branch of Facial CN VII
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Innervation: mm. of inferior lip and chin
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mandibular (marginal mandibular) branch of Facial CN VII
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Which facial mm. are innervated by the mandibular (marginal mandibular) branch of Facial CN VII?
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risorius m. and mm. of inferior lip and chin
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Innervation: platysma m.
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cervical branch of Facial CN VII
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What provides sensory (cutaneous) innervation to the face (except the angle of the mandible)?
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Trigeminal CN V
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What provides sensory (cutaneous) innervation to the angle of the mandible?
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great auricular n. (C2 and C3)
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What does the ophthalmic division V1 provide cutaneous innervation to?
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anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, dorsum of nose to tip
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What provides cutaneous innervation to the anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, and dorsum of nose to the tip?
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Ophthalmic division V1
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What are the branches of Ophthalmic division V1 in the face?
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lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary nn.
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What n. does the lacrimal n. branch from?
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Ophthalmic division V1
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What n. does frontal n. branch from?
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Ophthalmic division V1
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What n. does nasociliary n. branch from?
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Ophthalmic division V1
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What does lacrimal n. V1 innervate (cutaneous)?
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lateral upper eyelid
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What is the lateral upper eyelid innervated by for cutaneous sensation?
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lacrimal n. V1
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What are the branches of the frontal n. V1?
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supraorbital and supratrochlear nn.
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What n. does the supraorbital n. branch from?
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frontal n. V1
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What n. does the supratrochlear n. branch from?
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frontal n. V1
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What does the supraorbital n. V1 innervate (cutaneous)?
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middle upper eyelid and anterolateral forehead
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What n. innervates the middle upper eyelid and anterolateral forehead (cutaneous)?
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supraorbital n. V1
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What does the supratrochlear n. V1 innervate (cutaneous)?
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medial upper eyelid and anteromedial forehead
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What n. innervates medial upper eyelid and anteromedial forehead?
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supratrochlear n. V1
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What are the branches of the nasociliary n. V1?
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infratrochlear and external nasal nn.
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What n. does infratrochlear n. V1 branch from?
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nasociliary n. V1
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What n. does external nasal n. V1 branch from?
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nasociliary n. V1
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What n. innervates the medial canthus and lacrimal sac of the eye (cutaneous)?
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infratrochlear n. V1
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What n. innervates the nose (including the tip)?
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external nasal n. V1
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What n. supplies cutaneous innervation to the aspect lateral to the eyes, prominence of the cheeks, lateral nose, and upper lip?
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Maxillary division V2
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What are branches of Maxillary division V2?
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zygomatic and infraorbital branches
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What n. is the zygomatic n. a branch of?
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maxillary division V2
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What n. is the infraorbital n. a branch of?
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maxillary division V2
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What are the branches of zygomatic branch of Maxillary V2?
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zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nn.
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What n. is zygomaticotemporal n.V2 a branch of?
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zygomatic n. V2
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What n. is zygomaticofacial n. V2 a branch of?
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zygomatic n. V2
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What n. innervates the anterior part of the temporal fossa (cutaneous)?
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zygomaticotemporal n. V2
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What n. sends sensory innervation to the prominence of the cheek (cutaneous)?
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zygomaticofacial n. V2
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What n. innervates the superior lip (cutaneous)?
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infraorbital n. V2
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What n. supplies cutaneous innervation to the preauricular area inferiorly and anteriorly along jaw to chin and lower lip?
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mandibular division V3
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What are the branches of mandibular division V3?
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auriculotemporal, buccal, mental nn.
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What n. does auriculotemporal n. branch from?
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mandibular division V3
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What n. does buccal n. branch from?
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mandibular division V3
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What n. does mental n. come from?
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mandibular division V3
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What n. innervates skin anterior to the ear (cutaneous)?
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auriculotemporal n. V3
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What n. sends postganglionic PS innervation to the parotid gland?
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auriculotemporal n. V3
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What n. innervates skin and oral mucosa of cheek (cutaneous)?
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buccal n. V3
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What n. innervates chin and inferior lip (cutaneous)?
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mental n. V3
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What n. supplies motor innervation to mm. of mastication?
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mandibular division V3
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What exits the skull via the supraorbital foramen?
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supraorbital n., supraorbital a. and v.
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Where does the supraorbital n. V1 exit the skull?
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supraorbital foramen
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Where do the supraorbital a. and v. exit the skull?
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supraorbital foramen
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What exits the skull via the infraorbital foramen?
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infraorbital n. V2
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Where does the infraorbital n. V2 exit the skull?
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infraorbital foramen
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What exits the skull via the mental foramen?
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mental n. V3
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Where does mental n. V3 exit the skull?
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mental foramen
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Which aa. supply blood to the face?
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facial a., transverse facial a., supraorbital a., supratrochlear a.
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What are the branches of the facial a.?
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submental, inferior labial, superior labial, angular aa.
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Which a. is submental a. a branch of?
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facial a.
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Which a. is inferior labial a. a branch of?
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facial a.
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Which a. is superior labial a. a branch of?
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facial a.
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Which a. is angular a. a branch of?
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facial a.
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What supplies facial mm. and skin of the chin?
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submental a.
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What supplies the inferior lip?
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inferior labial a.
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What supplies the superior lip and ala (side) and septum of the nose?
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superior labial a.
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What supplies the superior part of the cheek and inferior eyelid?
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angular a.
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What a. does transverse facial a. branch from?
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superficial temporal a. (external carotid a.)
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What supplies the parotid gland and duct, mm., and skin of the face?
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transverse facial a.
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What supplies the lateral upper eyelid, forehead and scalp?
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supraorbital a.
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What supplies the medial upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp?
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supratrochlear a.
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What drains the anterior scalp, eyelids, forehead, conjunctiva, and cavernous sinus?
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angular v.
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What runs along w/ the angular a.?
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angular v.
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What communicates w/ the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic v.?
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angular v.
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What happens as a result of no valve restriction of flow back to the cavernous sinus?
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provides route for infection from face to dural sinuses and can cause a CNS infection
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What is the danger triangle of the face?
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angular v., superior ophthalmic v., cavernous sinus
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What terminates as the facial v.?
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angular v.
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What terminates as the internal jugular v.?
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facial v.
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What v. communicates w/ the retromandibular v.?
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facial v.
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Which v. is located posterior and deep to mandible?
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retromandibular v.
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Which v. drains the maxillary and superficial temporal vv.?
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retromandibular v.
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Which vv. form the external jugular v.?
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retromandibular and posterior auricular vv.
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What lies between the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process bilaterally?
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parotid gland
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What is the largest salivary gland?
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parotid gland
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What passes from the anterior edge of the parotid gland and pierces the buccinator m. at the anterior border of the masseter m.?
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parotid duct
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What opens into the oral cavity opposite the 2nd maxillary molar?
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parotid duct
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What provides PS postganglionic fibers for innervation to the parotid gland?
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auriculotemporal n. V3
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To innervate the parotid gland: preganglionic PSNS fibers travel via?
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Glossopharyngeal CN IX-tympanic plexus-lesser petrosal n.
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To innervate the parotid gland: postganglionic PS cell bodies are located in which ganglion?
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otic ganglion
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To innervate the parotid gland: postganglionic PSNS fibers travel via which n.?
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auriculotemporal n. V3
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To innervate the parotid gland: preganglionic PS cell bodies located where?
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inferior salivatory nucleus of the brainstem
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What structures run through the parotid gland?
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Facial CN VII, auriculotemporal n. V3, great auricular n. (C2 and C3), branches of external carotid a., retromandibular v.
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Which condition is characterized by paralysis of mm. of facial expression to one side of the face?
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Bells palsy
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What n. is affected in Bells palsy?
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Facial CN VII (facial m. branches)
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What condition consists of sharp, sudden attacks of pain in the distribution of a trigeminal n. branch?
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trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
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Which branch of the trigeminal n. is most commonly affected in trigeminal neuralgia?
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maxillary V2
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What is the procedure where the parotid gland is removed for treatment of salivary gland cancer?
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parotidectomy
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What must be isolated and preserved during removal of the parotid gland?
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Facial CN VII
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What is the condition where the auriculotemporal n. V3 can synapse on sweat glands on the cheek after a parotidectomy?
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Frey's syndrome
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What condition is characterized by sweating on the cheek w/ stimulation of saliva production?
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Frey's syndrome
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What neurotransmitter is in common in Frey's syndrome to allow sweating on the cheek instead of salivation?
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ACh
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