Development

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Zygote

Back 1

a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and egg
受精卵

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Germinal stage

Back 2

the 2week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

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Embryonic stage

Back 3

the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eight week

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Fetal stage

Back 4

the period of prenatal stage development that lasts from the ninth week until birth

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Myelination

Back 5

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell
-happens in the fetal stage

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Prenatality

Back 6

出産前期間

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Teratogens

Back 7

agents that damage the process of development in prenatality and ended up at abnormal behavior in some way

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 8

a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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Growth spurts

Back 9

急成長
ages of 2, 6, 10 and 14
women tend to finish earlier

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Infancy

Back 10

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

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Motor development

Back 11

the emergench of the ability to execute physical action

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Reflexes

Back 12

specific patterns of moter response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory
反射神経

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Rooting reflex

Back 13

the tendency for infants to move their mouths toward any objects that touched theri cheek

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Sucking reflex

Back 14

the tendency for infants to suck any objects that enter their mouths

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Cephalocaudal rule

Back 15

the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
=infants tend to gain control over theri heads->arms->legs

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Proximodistal rule

Back 16

the "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
=infants learn to control their trunks->knees->finger

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Cognitive development

Back 17

the emergence of the ability to understand the world

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Piagestian stages

Back 18

the stages stated by Jean Piaget that describes infants' intellectual growth
=children's thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults

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Sensorimotor stage

Back 19

from birth to age 2 years
children experience that the world through movement and senses, develops schemas and starts to learn object permanence

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Schemas

Back 20

theories about or models the way the world tasks

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Assimilation

Back 21

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

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Accommodation

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the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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Object permanence

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the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are no visible

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Preoperational stage

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from ages 2 to 7
the stage of acquision of motor skills

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Conservation

Back 25

the notion that the quantitative properties of an objects are incariant despite changes in the object's appearance
-occurs in the preoperational stage

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Concrete operational stage

Back 26

from ages 7 to 11
the stage of beginning of logical thinking about concrete events

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Formal operational stage

Back 27

after age 11
the stage of development of abstract reasoning and hypotheticals

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Comprehension of occulusion

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children's understanding of limitation
ex) 3 months babies are suprised at the magical events, but 2 weeks babies are not

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Attachmenet

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the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

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Strange situation

Back 30

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

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Internal working model of attachment

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a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure

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Temperaments

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chearacteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

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Preconventional stage

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a stage of moral development in which tthe morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequencs for the actor

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Conventional stage

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a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which is conforms to social rules

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Postconventional stage

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a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

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Primary sex characteristics

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bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

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Secondary sex characteristics

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bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

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Socioemotional selectivity theory

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a life-span theory that describes that
1.older adults focus on more future (younger adults focus on the moment)
2.they focus on more positive information (younger adults focus on useful information)
3.they spend time with close friends

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Alzheimer's

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a disease which commonly form of dementia, brain pathology (tangles and plaques), memory loss etc.

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Alzheimer's Paradox

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pathology suggests that the person have Alzheimer's but his or her behavior are not perfectly correlated