Dev Sci Exam 2

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

the processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain; bottom-up

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

the process or organizing and interpreting sensory information;
top-down

Front 3

Preferential-looking Technique

Back 3

method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at the same time to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other

Front 4

Visual Acuity

Back 4

the sharpness of visual discrimination

Front 5

Contrast Sensitivity

Back 5

the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern

Front 6

Perceptual Constancy

Back 6

the perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color despite physical differences in the retinal image of the object

Front 7

Object Segregation

Back 7

the identification of separate objects in a visual array

Front 8

Optical Expansion

Back 8

a depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background indicating that the object is approaching; sensitive early on

Front 9

Binocular Disparity

Back 9

the difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain; closer the obj the greater the disparity

Front 10

Stereopsis

Back 10

the process by which the visual cortex combines the different neural signals caused by binocular disparity resulting in the perception of depth

Front 11

Monocular/Pictorial Cues

Back 11

the perceptual cues of depth that can be perceived by one eye alone. examples are relative size and interposition

Front 12

Auditory Localization

Back 12

perception of the location in space of a sound source

Front 13

Intermodal Perception

Back 13

the combination of info from two or more sensory systems

Front 14

Reflexes

Back 14

innate fixed patterns of action the occur in response to stimulation

Front 15

Differentiation

Back 15

the extraction from the constantly changing stimulation in the environment of those elements that are invariant or stable; happy voice happy face not sad

Front 16

Affordances

Back 16

the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations

Front 17

Classical Conditioning

Back 17

a form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response

Front 18

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 18

in classical conditioning a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

Front 19

Unconditioned Response

Back 19

in classical conditioning a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Front 20

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 20

in classical conditioning the neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 21

Conditioned Response

Back 21

in classical conditioning the originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Front 22

Instrumental Conditioning

Back 22

(operant conditioning) learning the relation between one's own behavior and the consequences that result

Front 23

Positive Reinforcement

Back 23

a reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 24

Violation-of-Expectancy

Back 24

a procedure used to study infant cognition in which infant are shown an event that should evoke surprise or interest if it violates something the infant knows or assumes to be true