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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Myelination of nerve fibers occurs in... |
-cerebellum to cerebral cortex (fine motor skills, balance, coordination) -frontal cortex (concentration/screen distractions) -corpus callosum (by 8 yrs old - logical/emotional functioning) -Also visual cortex. And you see some brain plasticity! |
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Do children actually LOSE baby weight? |
No. They simply grow faster. They are still getting heavier, but their height outpaces weight gains. Boys are temporarily taller/heavier. |
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Define Gross Motor Skills. Give examples of improvement from 2-5 years of age and gender divergence. |
Use of larger muscles (arms, legs). Boys better at throwing/kicking, girls at balance, precision, coordination.
2: up stairs 2 feet to a step. 3: up stairs, 1 foot to a step. 4: down stairs, one foot to a step 2: tries to stand on 1 foot. 3: stands on 1 foot. 4: 1 foot 3-8 sec. 5: 1 foot 8-10 sec. |
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Define Fine Motor Skills. Give examples of improvement from 2-5 years of age. |
Smaller muscles (mouth, tongue, fingers). 2: build tower of 6 cubes. 3: tower of 9 cubes. 4: tower 10+ cubes. 5: Laces shoes. 2: vertical/horizontal lines. 3: copies circle/cross. 4: copies square. 5: copies diamond. |
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Kellogg's 4 stages of artistic development: |
Artistic development is linked to motor/cognitive skills. Stages: -Placement: use of the page. Intentional or not? 2-3 years. -Shape: basic shapes, 3-4 yrs. -Design: combining shapes (3-4 yrs). -Pictorial: looks like something! (4-5 yrs). |
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Handedness: When does it develop? Pros and cons of being left handed? |
Handedness is developed from 6-12 months. The 10% of left-handers tend to have dyslexia, stuttering, blood pressure issues, schizophrenia, depression, and epilepsy, but greater math abilities, music/arts, and athleticism. |
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What is rough-and-tumble play? Why is it beneficial? |
Running, chasing, fleeing, wrestling, hitting with an open hand, laughing, making faces. A boy thing. Helps develop physical/social skills. |
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What is aggressive behavior? Is it the same as rough-and-tumble play? |
Hitting, pushing, taking, grabbing, angry looks. NO! It is not playful! |
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Are physically active parents likely to have physically active children? Why? |
About 2x-3.5x more likely bwn mother and father, respectively. Perhaps because 1) role models, 2) family activities, and 3) twin studies have shown a genetic tendency for activity level. |
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Do children need more calories as they reach early childhood? What food choices do they make? |
No; they need less. Preferences for sugar/salt are developed through repeat exposure; they model parental diets. Additionally, they need to be exposed to a wide variety multiple times! |
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Is it normal for 4 yr. old Timmy to have a cold one week and another cold 4 weeks later, and recover in a few days for each? |
YES, they are building immunity and getting exposed to lots of other dirty children. However, they SHOULD bounce back quickly. |
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What are possible environmental factors contributing to illness for preschoolers? |
LEAD in old paint, glassware, old piping. Can lead to IQ deficits by inhibiting brain development. |
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Timmy is middle class. Bobby is in poverty. Molly is also middle class. What are they likely to die from? Who is more likely to die? Who is least likely to be accidentally injured? |
They are likely to die from motor vehicle accidents. Bobby is most likely to die: 5x more likely from fires and +2x more likely from car accidents, most likely to dangerous neighborhoods. Molly is least likely to be accidentally injured. |
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Do preschoolers need more sleep? What are some sleep problems they might encounter? |
NO, they need less. Sleep terrors, somnambulism, and elimination disorders (most likely enuresis). |
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What are sleep terrors? When do they occur, what happens, and why? What are some potential consequences and how can it be helped? |
Sleep terrors are more severe than nightmares and occur in DEEP sleep, NOT REM, beginning late childhood and ending adolescence. Surge in heart/respiration rates, incoherent, thrashing. Associated with stress; can lead to insomnia and fear of sleeping. Regular sleep routine helps. |
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What is somnambulism? What happens? When does it happen? Why does it happen? |
Sleep-walking. May also rearrange toys, go to bathroom/fridge, etc. Happens between 3-8 during DEEP SLEEP. Will have no memory and NO aggressive behavior. Associated with immaturity of nervous system. |
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What is enuresis? When does it happen? Why? When does it stop? To whom does it happen? |
Failure to control bladder once 5 yrs old or older, more than 2x a month, during DEEP sleep. Immaturity of motor cortex, maybe. Will outgrow bwn 8 and adolescence. Usually happens to boys; 10% of kids are bedwetters! |
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What is encopresis? When does it happen? To whom? Why? When does it stop? |
Lack of control over bowels. Usually at age 7-8 in the daytime to 1-2% of children, usually boys. Stems from physical causes (chronic constipation, harsh punishment for toilet accidents). Usually outgrow afterwards. |
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What is symbolic play? What does the quality of the play indicate? |
Pretend play that requires cognitive sophistication, usually from 15 months of age. 12-13 mo: focused on self. 15-20: to others. 30 months: other object is participating. Violent pretend play = less empathetic/likely to help, more antisocial behavior in the future. |
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What kind of play are imaginary friends? Is it an indication of abnormality? If not, are there benefits? |
Symbolic play. No; 65% of children do, more commonly among first-born and only-children. They are less aggressive, more cooperative, more creative, can concentrate, more advanced language development. |
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What is "egocentrism" in early childhood? How did Piaget demonstrate it? |
One-dimensional thinking; children do not understand others' perspectives and assume others simply know theirs. Three mountains test! |
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Define precausal and transductive reasoning. Give examples. |
1) Do not know actual causes and answer egocentrically, e.g., It gets dark outside so I can go to sleep. 2) One specific isolated event is related to another, e.g., I should go to sleep because it is dark. |
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When asked why the sun goes away each night, Jenna answers, "Because it is tired." What is she showing in her attributions of causality? |
Animism: tendency to attribute life to inanimate objects. |
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When asked why the stars come out each night, Jenna answers, "Because Mommy and Daddy put them there. What is she showing in her attributions of causality? |
Artificialism: assuming forces of nature are under control by people. |
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Give examples of one-dimensional thinking. |
Volume constancy/conservation. Pennies test. Tasks of class inclusion (a dog cannot be both a dog and an animal). Egocentrism. |
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What is scaffolding and the zone of proximal development? |
Scaffolding: temporary support provided by parent/teacher to learning children. Decreases as kids learn more. ZPD: the area in which children develop skills as a result of scaffolding. |
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What is the Theory of Mind? |
Understanding how the mind works: distinction bwn how things appear and how they really are. Infer perceptions/thoughts/feelings of others. Mental states affect behavior. |
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3 Learning Processes of Language Development |
Fast Mapping: attach new word to concept. Whole object assumption: "goat" refers to whole animal. Contrast assumption: assume objects only have one label (mutual exclusivity assumption) |
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What are warm parents like and how does this affect their children?
Cold? |
Warm: more affectionate, less physical discipline. Children more accepting and internalize warmth, and use it later. Cold: do not seem to enjoy parenting, less affectionate. Children replicate attitude and are less affectionate/caring. |
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What does inductive parenting consist of? |
Try to teach children by giving skills/approaches but let them figure things out on their own. Benefits are long-term, but difficult short-term. |
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What does power-assertive methods consist of? |
Parental authority used: physical/financial, reliance on punishment, denial of privileges, LITTLE rationalization/explanation for punishment. Children have no standards of conduct or conscience/morals and have to figure out alternative behaviors on own. Disconnect bwn parent/child, increased anti-social/aggressive behavior. |
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What does withdrawal of love involve? |
When child misbehaves, is isolated or ignored. Children have no explanation for punishment. Can possibly modify own behavior but experience anxiety/guilt. |
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Molly's parents have high expectations for her and when she steps out of bounds, they explain to her what she did wrong and why firmly, but with love and warmth. What style of parenting is this and how will it affect Molly? |
Authoritative. Molly might be self-reliant with high self-esteem, high achiever @ school/work. Active, likely to explore. |
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Molly's parents have high expectations for her and when she steps out of bounds, her parents spank her immediately and tell her to listen to them because they say so. What style of parenting is this and how will it affect Molly? |
Authoritarian. Molly will follow along and will tend to lack independence, with lower self-esteem, less independent, less driven. If she were a boy, she might become rebellious. |
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Molly's parents allow her to do whatever she wants and give into every desire she has. What style of parenting is this and how will it affect Molly? |
Permissive-Indulgent. Molly might be socially competent but it will take longer for her to develop a sense of morals until another source shows her. |
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Molly's parents do not really pay attention to her, regardless of behavior, and if they do, it is without any particular affection or interest. What style of parenting is this and how will it affect Molly? |
Rejecting-Neglecting. Molly might lack social competence, self-drive, maturity, and might develop problems later (juvenile delinquency, early substance use/abuse, early sexual activity) |
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After his little sister is born, Derek (who is 4) insists on being fed through a bottle and put in a car seat. What is he displaying? |
Regression! |
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What are some differences in first and later born children? |
First: more motivated to achieve, more academically successful, more adult-oriented. More anxious and self-reliant. Later: more social skills. |
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Piaget's Functional Play? Example: |
Repetitive motor activity, like rolling a ball/laughing on their own |
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Piaget's Symbolic Play? Example: |
Creating settings and scripts (pretend play) |
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Piaget's Constructive Play? Example: |
Using objects/materials to create something |
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Piaget's Formal Games? Example: |
Games with rules, can be invented by child. May be played for a lifetime. |
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Parten's NONSOCIAL play. |
2-3 year olds. Unoccupied: do not appear to be playing, random movements. Solitary: play with toys alone, independently, uninfluenced. Onlooker: observe others and talk to them but their own activity is uninfluenced. |
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Parten's SOCIAL play. |
Age 5. Parallel play: choose to play with toys similar to other children, in their own way--do not DIRECTLY interact with others. Associative: interact and SHARE toys, though not group goals. Cooperative: interact to achieve common goals! |
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Gender differences in play? |
Boys: more active, larger groups (5+). Girls: less vigorous/physically active, smaller groups (2+). Prefer same gender by 2 years. |
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Where does aggression come from? |
At first, possession-oriented, which is OK but needs to be addressed, until 6 or 7. Twin studies show a genetic factor. Males tend to be more aggressive. Physically aggressive parents tend to act as models and instigate anger. Media influences. |
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Bandura's Bobo Doll Studies. What happened? |
Children saw video of someone else abusing OR nurturing Bobo doll and imitated behavior. When abuser was chastised, did not imitate behavior. When given incentive to abuse, DID! |
