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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. Guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy at older ages
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Internal working model of attachment
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A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts
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Personal fable
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Process of coming out developmental milestones
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1. Initial recognition
2. Test and exploration 3. Identity Acceptance 4. Identity integration |
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First psychologist to study attachment and define the term
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John Bowlby
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Idea of what was needed for normal development pre-1950's
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Adequate nutritional care, little to no emphasis on emotional care
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Close, enduring emotional bonds to parents or other caregiver
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Attachment
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The cuddling, loving, and warmth the child would normally get from their parents
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Contact comfort
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Results of Harlow's monkey experiments
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Monkeys spent more time with cloth mother regardless of which monkey fed them
Monkeys exhibited extremely abnormal social and emotional behavior as adults |
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Viewed infants as "competence motivated" who use primary caregiver as a "secure base"
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Bowlby's Attachment theory
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4 phases of attachment development according to Bowlby
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1. Pre-attachment
2. Attachment in the making 3. Clear-cut attachment 4. Reciprocal relationships |
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(Bowlby)
Innate signals (crying) bring Mom, interaction comforting |
1. Pre-attachment (birth to 6 weeks)
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(Bowlby)
Attend more to familiar people Infants learn if caregiver is trustworthy |
2. Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
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(Bowlby)
Actively seek comfort from caregivers Distress at separation and happiness at reunion Mother = secure base |
3. Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 1.5-2 years)
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(Bowlby)
Increasing abilities to organize efforts to be near parents Separation distress declines Actively creates reciprocal relationship with parents |
4. Reciprocal relationships
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Series of episodes involving repeated separations and reunions with caregiver
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The "Strange situation" (Ainsworth)
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Qualities of attachment (4, Ainsworth)
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1. Securely attached
2. Insecure/Resistant 3. Insecure/Avoidant 4. Disorganized/Disoriented |
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(Ainsworth)
Uses mom as secure base Distressed when mom leaves, happy upon return |
Securely attachment
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(Ainsworth)
Less positive attachment Often clingy instead of exploring Fusses when mom leaves, seeks comfort upon her return but resists it |
Insecure/Resistant
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(Ainsworth)
Tend to avoid mom altogether Often ignore her when she is in the room Fail to greet her when reunited |
Insecure/Avoidant
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(Ainsworth)
No way of coping with Strange Situation Behavior confused and contradictory Want to approach but seem to fear her |
Disorganized/Disoriented
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Responsiveness to caregiving
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Parental sensitivity
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Most crucial factor affecting security of attachment
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Parental sensitivity
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Mirror test (explain)
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Place mark on child and place them in front of a mirror.
Observe behavior |
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Behavior of <18 month olds during the mirror test
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Do nothing, may try to touch child in mirror
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Behavior of >18 month olds during the mirror test
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Make movements toward own body
Use mirror for self-exploration Understand the mirror image is them |
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Main crisis of adolescence according to Erikson
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Resolving identity
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4 different identity statuses
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Identity-diffusion
Foreclosure Moratorium Identity-achievement |
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(Erikson)
No firm commitments, no plans |
Identity-diffusion
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(Erikson)
No experimentation, identity based on choices of others |
Foreclosure
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(Erikson)
Exploring, but not committed |
Moratorium
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(Erikson)
Coherent, consolidated identity based on personal choices |
Identity-achievement
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Eventual results for Identity-diffusion
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Tendency towards apathy
Lack intimate peer relationships At higher risk for drug use |
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Eventual results for Foreclosure
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Authoritarian attitudes
Likely to rely on others for important life decisions |
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Eventual results for Moratorium
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High in self-esteem
High in anxiety Low in authoritarian attitudes |
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Eventual results for Identity-achievement
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Socially more mature
Higher in achievement motivation |
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Overly protective (cold and controlling)
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Authoritarian
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Encourage sense of connection and sense of autonomy and individuality
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Egalitarian
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5 components to child's ethnic identity
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1. Ethnic knowledge
2. Ethnic self-identification 3. Ethnic constancy 4. Ethnic-role behaviors 5. Ethnic feelings and preferences |
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Age when children identify self as a member of ethnic category
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5-8 years old
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