Dev 2,2

Front 1

steps to adoption of a new identity
conformist

Back 1

internalize the goals of society

Front 2

steps to the adoption of a new identity
primary deviance

Back 2

commit some type of deviant act

Front 3

stept to the adoption of a new identity
secondary deviance

Back 3

be labeled a deviant

Front 4

stept to the adoption of a new identity
adoption of a new identity

Back 4

accept that label

Front 5

changes that must occur for a new identity
public

Back 5

exists in the outside world
social status is defined and promoted
status cues exist in the level

Front 6

changes that must occur for a new identity
private

Back 6

internal to the person
within this level there must be two cognitive processes that occur for any adoption of a new identity
1. individuals must recognize the current status is innappropriate
2. individuals must locate a new move apt. status

Front 7

techniques of neutralization
denial of responsibility

Back 7

– Deviant acts were committed due to acts beyond their control
– *I couldn’t help myself*…the donut was right there on top of the trash! I had to eat it!

Front 8

techniques of neutralization
denying injury

Back 8

– Argue that nobody was actually hurt from the deviant act
– *No harm, no foul*; The only person I harm when I use drugs is myself.

Front 9

techniques of neutralization
denying the victim

Back 9

– The assertion that since no single victim can be found, so there is no crime
• The only ones hurt by downloading songs are the giant corporations
– Can also assert that the victim was asking for it
• The case of David Park

Front 10

techniques of neutralization
appeal to higher loyalities

Back 10

– The deviant behavior was used to help a friend or a deserving party
• *I let her cheat off my test because she is a friend*

Front 11

techniques of neutralization
condemnation of teh condemners

Back 11

– Asserting that those that determined your actions to be deviant are corrupt and have no moral authority to do so
• *The collegiate system is systematically unfair to poor students so it doesn’t matter if I cheat on my test*
• A common technique of neutralizations for protest groups
– E.L.F., NOW, NRA

Front 12

accounts- excuses- 4 methods
appeal to biological drives

Back 12

i couldn't stop myself

Front 13

accounts- excuses- 4 methods
appeals to accident

Back 13

he fell onto the knife 32 times

Front 14

accounts- excuses- 4 methods
appeals to defeasibility

Back 14

i thought my roomate turned in myu paper, i'll just run home and get it

Front 15

accounts- excuses- 4 methods
scapegoating

Back 15

the cop pulled me over on my way to campus and i missed my test

Front 16

accounts- justifications- examples
sad tale

Back 16

Your current behavior is justified because of some aspect of your life previously or concurrently with the deviant behavior
– *I’m only stealing this bread because my child is hungry*
– *I beat my children because I was beat by my father*

Front 17

accounts- justifications- examples
need for self-fulfillment

Back 17

The only way the deviant can become a “complete” person is to commit some deviant act
– *I drive better when I'm drunk!*

Front 18

disclaimers- hedge

Back 18

an assertion that your future behavior may fail *I'm not sure this is going to work but…*

Front 19

disclaimers- credentializing

Back 19

You assert you are the opposite of what you are to do *I'm not racist, some of my best friends are black*

Front 20

disclaimers- sin licenses

Back 20

The deviant asserts that the situation justified their deviant behavior *007 and his license to kill*

Front 21

disclaimers- cognitive disclaimer

Back 21

A warning to the person that your next action may be considered odd or deviant *This may not make sense to you but…*

Front 22

disclaimers- appeals fot suspensionj of judgement

Back 22

The deviant tries to prevent the individual from judging until they know the entire situation *Listen to me before you get mad…*

Front 23

categories of rapists
deniers

Back 23

attempt to justify the rape by using techniques to make the woman appear culpable for her own rape - Justifiers

Front 24

categoties of rapists
admitters

Back 24

admit the crime happened but attempt to explain the act in such a way that allows them to retain a semblance of moral integrity

Front 25

techniques rapists use to rid themselves of labels
women as sudectress

Back 25

• Women were willing or even enthusiastic participants
• “They asked for it and now I’m in trouble?”

Front 26

techniques rapists use to rid themselves of labels
women mean yes when they say no

Back 26

• She didn’t resist enough to really not want it
• “It was like she was saying rape me”

Front 27

techniques rapists use to rid themselves of labels
most women eventually relax and enjoy it

Back 27

• They assert that most women have the fantasy of being raped
• The rapists assert that biological reactions are proof on enjoyment
• “Once we got into it, she was OK”

Front 28

techniques rapists use to rid themselves of labels
nice girls don't get raped

Back 28

• They blame the woman for already existing outside of sexual norms
• They infer sexual practices from activities the woman participates in
– “She was a waitress and you know how they are”

Front 29

techniques rapists use to rid themselves of labels
only a minor wrong doing

Back 29

• They admitted to a small transgression but still place the blame of the rape on the woman
• “I did something stupid. I pulled a knife on her and I hit her... I shouldn’t have all this time for going to bed with a broad”

Front 30

3 excuses for raping
use of alcohol and drugs

Back 30

• *I never could have done it if I was sober*
• Excusers rarely said that the victim was under the influence of narcotics as that would be an attempt to justify their behavior

Front 31

3 excuses for raping
emotional problems

Back 31

• The rapist says that he was under stress and just had an emotional “break”
• Research does not show that rapists were under any more or more sever stress than those that do not rape
• These excusers almost never labeled themselves as “chronically” mentally ill, they believe that there is something minor wrong with them and that it can be fixed with relative ease
• “The fact that I'm a rapist makes me different. Rapists aren't all there. They have problems. It was wrong so there must be a reason why I did it. I must have a problem.”

Front 32

3 excuses for raping
nice guy image

Back 32

• They admit to making a serious mistake but that’s all it was; their behavior otherwise is normal
• Serves the dual purpose of
– Expression of guilt
– Signals the listener that the event was not part of who the rapists is and should not be considered
– “Physically they enjoyed the sex [rape]. Once they got involved, it would be difficult to resist. I was always gentle and kind until I started to kill them. And the killing was always sudden, so they wouldn't know it was coming”

Front 33

6 commonalities for rape
revenge and punishment

Back 33

• Men raped women as retribution for transgressions from other women
• Most of the time the men who had revenge or punishment as motivations for rape did not “punish” the woman they were mad at
– Collective reliability – each member of a group is held responsible for the actions of all other members
• In these types of rape men were forcing women into sexual standards that the rapists themselves were not expected to hold; when the women failed to keep these standards they motivated the men to gain revenge or punish
• Also used to punish other men; the rape of their wives or girlfriends was an insult to their manhood

Front 34

6 commonalities for rape
an added bonus

Back 34

• They had other motivations such as robbery and burglary; rape was just a crime of oppurtunity
• “I wasn’t thinking about sex. But when she said she would do anything not to get hurt, probably because she was pregnant, I thought, ‘why not.”

Front 35

6 commonalities for rape
sexual access

Back 35

• Men view sexual access as a given, when it is denied men will take it
• “I think I was really pissed off at her because it didn’t go as planned. I could have been with someone else. She led me on but wouldn’t deliver…I had a male ego that must be fed.”

Front 36

6 commonalities for rape
impersonal sex and power

Back 36

– Some rapist craved the power that came along with the rape/seeking total control
– Forcing a woman to climax despite her pain and abhorrence of the assailant makes the rapist feel powerful; the rapists has taken control of the one thing that women have traditionally had the most power over, sex and their bodies

Front 37

6 commonalities for rape
recreation and adventure

Back 37

– Often sighted as motivations for gang rap
– The knowledge that the rapists was doing something wrong enhanced the pleasure and provides cohesiveness to a group
– “It was exciting to get away with it (rape), just being able to beat the system, not women. It was like doing something illegal and getting away with it.”

Front 38

6 motivations for rape
feeling good

Back 38

– Some men actually took delight in the act of rape and this was motivation enough
– “Rape is like smoking. You can’t stop once you start.”

Front 39

classic rape situation

Back 39

A sudden violent attack by a stranger in a deserted public place after which the victim is expected to provide evidence of the attack, usually report to the police

Front 40

rape induced marriage

Back 40

• Some women in Taiwan marry their rapists in order to negate the stigma that comes with being a rape victim in Taiwanese culture
– This is a viable option to settle court cases involving rape. If the victim marries the rapists then the assailant does not need to go to jail and the victim is not stigmatized

Front 41

FBI definition of rape and its problem

Back 41

 FBI Definition – Carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
 “Forcibly” – If sex is forced on a female then it is violent; doesn’t matter if the attacker or victim do not view force as being used
 Different from assault in that “genital contact” is made
 Male rape does not exist legally

Front 42

continuum of rape

Back 42

 As rape is a socially defined offense there will be different definitions of what actions constitute rape
 Exclusive definition – Those that view very few actions as rape; those that have the most exclusive definition of rape are rapists themselves
 Inclusive definition – Those that view almost all sexual acts as rape; held by militant feminist that view ALL sexual relations between men and women as forced and therefore rape.
 Most Americans fall between these two extremes into a moderately inclusive or exclusive definition

Front 43

stigma- frame analysis

Back 43

– “I assume that definitions of a situation are built up in accordance with principals or organization which govern events…and our subjective involvement in them; frame is the word I use to refer to such of these basic elements as I am able to identify.” (Goffman, 1974)
– The use of context clues to define a situation as one encountered previously
– Used to determine what is happening, what will happen next, and how the actor should act

Front 44

stigma- frames

Back 44

basic stored order of events that is used to predict

Front 45

terms of frame analysis

Back 45

reality
context- ordered events which are compatible with one frame but not another
– Breaking Frame – C:
– Reframing - Reordering events after a frame break
– Bracketing – C:
– Ex. Taking off you clothes in a doctors office is bracketed off from our general frame of nudity to allow the necessary action to happen and to preserve our basic frames about when and where nudity is allowed

Front 46

– Breaking Frame – C:
– Reframing - Reordering events after a frame break
– Bracketing – C:
– Ex. Taking off you clothes in a doctors office is bracketed off from our general frame of nudity to allow the necessary action to happen and to preserve our basic frames about when and where nudity is allowed

Back 46

advertisers have completely reversed frame analysis and now place images in their ads that evoke feelings and have little to do with the project

Front 47

Dramaturlogical model

Back 47

goal of life is to sell your image of what you want to be to other people
-What it is
– Perspective that the world is your stage
– Individuals perform, as in a play, to all people at all times
– The goal of life is to sell your image of what you want to be to other people
• Essentially the opposite of Cooley’s looking glass self

Front 48

Types of stages- dramaturlogical model
front stage

Back 48

area where audience is located- where you project your false identity
• Where the actual performance takes place; actors and audience are present
• Two necessities for a successful sale
– Setting – Context; the individual must be in the proper surroundings in order to be believable
– Personal Front – Exhibiting the “proper” characteristics of the image
» Manners – The mannerisms of the image must match with the mannerisms of the individual
» Appearance – The individual must “look the part”

Front 49

Types of stages- dramaturlogical model
back stage

Back 49

where you don’t have to act
• Performers are present but audience is not
• This is where the hidden mannerisms and non-image characteristics will be exhibited
• Possible to have other people backstage; never an audience member
– There can be confederates that are aiding the “sale” of the personal image being sold
– However, Goffman says that when people are back stage aiding in the show, that is a front stage for the image you are selling those helping you in this back stage

Front 50

dramaturlogical model
borders

Back 50

• The line between front and back stage must be maintained at all times
• Actors treat borders as signals to start or stop acting; if the audience is present then they must act, if only those allowed back stage are present then the act can stop

Front 51

dramaturlogical model
stigma

Back 51

when deviants present a false self they are attempting to hide their stigma. Personal trait that people will think less of the individual who possess it.
-What it is
– Actions or ideas that cause social distress to the actor

Front 52

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type

Back 52

learn about typology as a whole
– Blemishes of individual character

Front 53

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
blemishes of individual character

Back 53

• Deviant behavior – alcoholism, addiction
• Deviant beliefs – “treacherous and rigid beliefs”- racist
• Mental Disorder – autism, schizophrenia

Front 54

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
abominations of the body

Back 54

• Violations of esthetic standards – obesity, exceeding ugliness
• Physical incapacitation – deafness, blindness, being unable to walk

Front 55

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
tribal stigma or face, nation, and religion

Back 55

• Victim of racist traditions

Front 56

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
blemishes of individual character

deviant behavior

Back 56

alcoholism, addiction

Front 57

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
blemishes of individual character

deviant beleifs

Back 57

treacherous and rigid beliefs- racist

Front 58

Goffman’s Typology with the added Goode type
blemishes of individual character

mental disorder

Back 58

autism, schizophrenia

Front 59

– Added type of stigma (Goode, 2006)

– Organizational deviance

Back 59

– Organizational deviance
• Engaging in certain types of role specific behavior taints the individuals character
• The setting determines what type of deviance can be committed
– Police brutality, Sex for grades (Professors), Abuse of the elderly (Nursing home)

Front 60

– Added type of stigma (Goode, 2006)

– Organizational deviance
To what previous concept is this similar to

Back 60

• Goffman’s typology of stigma is roughly similar to the ABCs of deviance
– So why don’t Adler and Adler utilize Goffman’s typology in their book?
• Because the ABCs of deviance were created by Adler and Adler
– Could this be an example of organizational deviance?

Front 61

2 types of stigma

Back 61

– Discreditable – Those with concealed deviant traits
– Discredited – People who have revealed their deviance or cannot hide it

Front 62

2 ways of discreditable deviance
Discredited

Back 62

• Disclosure
– Deviance disavowal- ignoring the deviance until people grow used to it
– Deviance avowal- using techniques such as humor to negate the stigma.

Front 63

2 ways of discreditable deviance
Discreditable

Back 63

• 2 ways to hide the deviance
– Passing- be in the setting and use the mannerism of somebody without the stigma
– Double life- maintaining two separate social networks- one deviant and one not.

Front 64

2 ways of discreditable deviance

disidentifers

Back 64

props of actions or verbal expressions to distract and fool people into thinking that they do not posses a deviant stigma

Front 65

2 ways of discreditable deviance
Discredited

Back 65

• Utilizing manners and appearances of a non-stigmatized group in order to appear as one of them
• The most discreditable attempt the pass with the most vigor
• They attempt to pass by shying away from stigma symbols
– Stigma Symbol – objects or behaviors that would denote your hidden stigmatized identity
• Also use disidentifers to fool others into believing the act
– Disidentifiers – props of actions or verbal expressions to distract and fool people into thinking that they do not posses a deviant stigma

Front 66

2 ways of discreditable deviance
Discreditable

Back 66

• Maintaining two distinct lifestyles with differential groups of people
• One that knows about their deviant lifestyle and one that doesn’t
• The deviant may cover in this method
– Covering – Team performance where friends and families aid the deviant in the hiding of their deviant status

Front 67

-Disidentifiers

Back 67

– Disidentifiers – props of actions or verbal expressions to distract and fool people into thinking that they do not posses a deviant stigma