Deutsch Für Amerikaner Paradigms & Stuff

Front 1

Present Tense lernen

Back 1

ich lerne
du lernst
er, sie, es lernt

wir lernen
ihr lernt
sie lernen

Sie lernen

Front 2

What do present tense stems that end in "d" or "t" do (in the paradigm)?

Back 2

add an "e" for easier pronunciation

Front 3

What do present tense stems that end in s, ß, tz or z do when an "st" ending is added (in the paradigm)

Back 3

drops the "s" of the "st" ending

Front 4

In the second and third singular, some verbs change their:

Back 4

stem vowel

a to ä
e to i
e to ei

Front 5

vowel stem changes from "a" to "ä"

Back 5

fahren (fährst, fährt), schlafen (schläfst. schläft), waschen (wäschst, wäscht), laufen (läufst, läuft)

Front 6

vowel stem changes from e to i

Back 6

sprechen (sprichst, spricht)
essen (ißt, ißt)
helfe (hilfst, hilft)
treffen (triffst, trifft)
vergessen (vergißt, vergißt),
geben (gibst, gibt)

Front 7

vowel stem changes from e to ie

Back 7

sehen (siehst, sieht)
lesen (liest, liest)

Front 8

irregular verb haben

Back 8

habe - haben
hast - habt
hat - haben
Sie haben

Front 9

irregular verb sein

Back 9

bin - sind
bist - seid
ist - sind
Sie sind

Front 10

irregular verb werden

Back 10

werde - werden
wirst - werdet
wird - weden
Sie werden

Front 11

German forms questions by (two methods)

Back 11

1. placing the verb before the subject: Haben Sie ein Auto?

2. using interrogatives followed by the verb:
Wie alt ist das Kind?

Front 12

Definite Article
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive

Back 12

masc. der, den, dem, des
fem. die, die, der, der
neut. das, das, dem, des

Front 13

Indefinite Article
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive

Back 13

masc. ein, einen, einem, eines
fem. eine, eine, einer, einer
neut. ein, ein, einem, eines

Front 14

Nominative Pronoun

Back 14

ich
du
er, sie, es

wir
ihr
sie

Sie

Front 15

Accusative Pronoun

Back 15

mich
dich
ihn, sie, es

uns
euch
sie

Sie

Front 16

The predicate nominative follows these verbs

Back 16

sien (to be)
heißen (to be called)
werden (to get, become)

Front 17

Uses of the Nominative

Back 17

1. As the subject of the sentence
2. in a noun of adresss
3. as a predicate noun
4. as an appositive to the subject of a sentence

Front 18

Uses of the Accusative

Back 18

1. direct object
2. indicate time or duration of time
3. after prepositions: durch (through); für (for); gegen (against); ohne (without); um (around)

Front 19

Some prepositions commonly form contractions with the neuter article (durch, für, um)

Back 19

durch + das = durch
für + das = fürs
um + das = ums

Front 20

coordinating conjunctions

Back 20

aber (but - implies however)
denn (for, becuase)
oder (or)
und (and)
sondern (but - implies on the contrary)

Front 21

Dative Pronoun

Back 21

mir
dir
ihm, ihr, ihm

uns
euch
ihnen

Sie Ihnen

Front 22

How does German indicate the dative and accusative case?

Back 22

by distinct forms of the definite article, indefinite article, personal pronouns

Front 23

(Word Order) When two noun objects follow a verb...

Back 23

the dative (indirect object) precedes the accusative (direct object)

Front 24

When a pronoun object and a noun object follow a verb...

Back 24

the pronoun object precedes the noun object. This rule also holds true if the accusative (direct object) is a pronoun and the dative (indirect object) is a noun.

Front 25

(Word Order) When two pronoun objects follow the verb...

Back 25

the accusative pronoun precedes the dative.

Front 26

How is the genitive indicated?

Back 26

1. by distinct forms of the def & indef article
2. by adding s or es to masc. and neuter nouns.

Front 27

In the genitive, es is added to the noun when

Back 27

it is a noun of only one syllable

Front 28

in the genitive, s is added to the noun when

Back 28

the noun has more then one syllable

Front 29

(Word Order) Object order after a verb flow chart

Back 29

(General) When two noun objects follow a verb the dative object precedes the accusative object
(Exception 1) When one of the noun objects is a pronoun, the pronoun object always precedes the other noun object.
(Exception 2) when two pronoun objects follow a verb, the dative precedes the accusative.

Front 30

Six der words

Back 30

dies- this that
jed- each every
jen- that
manch- many a
solch- such
welch- which

Front 31

nine ein words

Back 31

mein- my
dein- your
sein- his,its
ihr- her, its
unser- our
eurer- your
ihr- their
Ihr- your
kein- no, not a

Front 32

Differences between nein, kein, nicht

Back 32

Nein is the negative answer to a question.

Kein is the neg. form of the indefinite article, always negates nouns and means no or not a.

Nicht means not, and its position within a sentence means different things.

Front 33

nicht at the end of a clause

Back 33

negates the whole clause

Front 34

nicht precedes

Back 34

1. adj. (Das Kleid ist nicht billig)
2. adv. (Sie spricht nicht schnell)
3. pred. nom. (Er ist nicht der Lehrer dieser Klasse)
4. prep. phrases (Sie arbeitet nicht in diesem Büro)
5. any word that receives special negative emphasis

Front 35

The nine German prepositions that take the dative and accusative

Back 35

an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen

Front 36

When a verb expresses location or position then the object of a preposition governed by the either a genitive or accusative takes the...

Back 36

dative

Front 37

When a verb expresses direction or motion then the object of a preposition governed by the either a genitive or accusative takes the...

Back 37

accusative

Front 38

If you can replace English "in" with "into", then the proper object to use in use in German is

Back 38

an accusative object... because it expresses direction or motion.

Front 39

Preposition meaning into a building

Back 39

in
(with the accusative)

Front 40

Preposition meaning up to a building

Back 40

zu
(with the accusative)

Front 41

Preposition meaning to a person

Back 41

zu
(with the accusative)

Front 42

Preposition meaning to a (proper name) city or country

Back 42

nach
(with the accusative)

Front 43

Preposition meaning up to an object, or to a line of demarcation

Back 43

an
(with the accusative)

Front 44

Three prepositions which always require an accusative object when they are used figuratively

Back 44

an, auf, über

Er denkt an seinen Freund (He is thinking of his friend)
Er wartet auf seinen Freund (He is waiting for his friend)
Er schretbt über seinen Freund (He is wrriting about his friend)

Front 45

When expressing time, the genitive...

Back 45

expresses indefinite time...

eines Tages (one day)
eines Morgens (one morning)
eines Abends (one evening)

Front 46

When expressing time, the accusative...

Back 46

expresses definite time...

Wir kommen am Sontag (We'll come on Sunday)
Wir kommen am Morgen (We'll come in the morning)

Front 47

What kind of object should be used to express time with prepositions that are governed by either the dative or the accusative?

Back 47

dative object

Front 48

In general, and expression of time precedes and expression of...

Back 48

place

Sie fährt heute die Stadt (Today she will go into the city)

Front 49

How does German distinguish the three genders in the plural?

Back 49

It does not!

Front 50

Plural definite articles

Back 50

Nom - die
Acc - die
Dat - den
Gen - der

Front 51

Plural Der Words

Back 51

Nom. - diese
Acc - diese
Dat - diesen
Gen - dieser

Front 52

Plural Ein Words

Back 52

Nom - deine
Acc - deine
Dat - deinen
Gen - deiner

Front 53

Generally (warning!!) plural endings on articles (and Der/Ein words) may be summarized as

Back 53

Nom - e
Acc - e
Dat - en
Gen - er

Front 54

Forming the Plural on monosyllabics

Back 54

(generally - warning)
1. adding e to the singular form
2. add an umlaut to the stem vowel
(most masc/ fem fer-sure/neut never)

Front 55

To form the plural of masculine polysyllabics ending in -er, -en, -el

Back 55

add nothing to the end... though some add umlaut.

examples
der Bruder - die Brüder
der Vater - die Väter
der Dampfer - die Dampfer
der Ober - die Ober

Front 56

to form the plural of masculine polysyllabics ending in -e denoting male beings...

Back 56

add -n
example
der Deutsche - die Deutschen (German boys)

Front 57

to form the plural of masculine polysyllabics with the stress on the last vowel...

Back 57

add -en

the same also with masc. endings in -or and not stressed on last syllable (Doktor, Motor)

Front 58

to form the plural of masculine polysyllabics that do not
1. end in -er, -en, -el
2. end in -e denoting male being
3. stress on last vowel

Back 58

add -e

Front 59

The dative is the object of several verbs

Back 59

helfen (to help)
folgen (to follow)
antworten (to answer)
glauben (to believe)
gehören (to belong to)

Front 60

The dative endings for all plural nouns will NEARLY always be...

Back 60

-n
example: Die Männer helfen den Männern