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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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disegno
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drafting or drawing of a work; or the idea at the root of a work.
Came to mean the planning of a work. |
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Installment Payments
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Singer Sewing Machines
Offer installment payments to private households. |
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The Steam Engine
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The Steam Engine, 1765
James Watt Powered by steam: expanding and cooling water within a cylinder drove a piston up and down. |
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Mass Marketing
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Josiah Wedgewood
Pottery factory. Used old energy sources: horses, moving water; not steam; 1769. First to market to the middle class; pioneer of mass marketing; earthenware that was affordable, aesthetically pleasing, could take sudden changes in temperature; quick to produce. |
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Industrial Revolution
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Origins of Design, 1765-1880
The Real Beginnings Stone tools created 2 million years B.C. Printing Press 1450 Johannes Gutenberg 1765-1880 A shift from craft labor to mass production; workshops to factories. Mass production and interchangeable parts allowed design standardization. Steam engine. Mass marketing. |
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Fine Art vs. Design
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Art is usually done for oneself.
Doesn’t have to be functional. Primarily concerned with aesthetics. Design involves the planning of form and function for industrial items, interiors, visuals which are meant to communicate to others and to be used by others. It is not done for oneself to express motions or satisfy ones ego. |
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Department of Design’s definition of
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Department of Design’s definition of
design: A purposeful, systematic, and creative activity. |
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Form Follows Function
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Louis Sullivan
“Skyscraper” The Pirie Scott Department Store, Chicago, 1899-1904. Example of Modern Functionalist architecture. First skyscrapers were built in Chicago. Space at a premium, so they built upward instead of outward. |
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Corporate Identity
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Designing A Company
1896 to Victorian Art Nouveau Modern to Present Corporate Identity Evolution of an identity. Peter Behrens Printed Material AEG Fan prospectus. Products AEG products. Architecture AEG Turbine Hall, 1909 Berlin Paul Rand Russia Beyond England |
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Constructivism
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1913–1933
Constructivism Vladimir Tatlin, founder El Lissitzky Alexander Rodchenko Vladimir Tatlin Monument to 3rd International 1920 26 El Lissitzky Alexander Rodchenko Constructivists 27 Propaganda Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge Poster, 1920 El Lissitzky Photo montage. Alexander Rodchenko Alexander Rodchenko Movie poster. Alexander Rodchenko Self portrait. 1933 Silk 1932 Silk Contructivist’s fabrics |
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De Stijl
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1917-1931, Netherlands
De Stijl 1917-1931 Piet Mondrian, painter Gerrit Rietveld, furniture designer Pieter Oud, architect Theo van Doesburg, publicist, art critic Gerrit Rietveld Red & Blue Chair 1918-1923 Piet Mondrian Composition, 1922 Pieter Oud Café Rotterdam, 1926 |
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The Bauhaus
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1919-1933
The Bauhaus Walter Gropius, founder and architect Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Herbert Bayer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Marcel Breuer Marianne Brandt Le Corbusier, contemporary Walter Gropius Bauhaus, Dessau 1925 Bauhaus Closed 1933 Refused to work for Nazis. Many members move tothe United States. Herbert Bayer Herbert Bayer Photography and typography collage. Herbert Bayer Photographic and darkroom manipulation. Marcel Breur Self portrait. Marcel Breuer Chair, 1921 Red & Blue Chair 1917-1923 Gerrit Reitveld Marcel Breuer Wassily Chair, 1925 Classic design, still made today by Knoll. Named after his friend and painter Wassily Kandinsky. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Mies van der Rohe Seagram’s building. Functionalist Modern architecture. Steel frame sky scraper, glass windowed façade, flat roof. Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Chair 1929 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition German Pavilion, 1929 Marianne Brandt Self portrait. Marianne Brandt Tea service, 1924 Silver, ebony and plexiglass. Functional Modern vs. Victorian Marianne Brandt, 1924 Marianne Brandt Desk Lamp Classic design, 1928 Le Corbusier The architect. Grand Comfort Lounge Chair, 1929 Le Corbusier Villa Savoye, 1929-1931 Le Corbusier Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp, France, 1950 Notre Dame du Haut |
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World’s Fair
1939 |
“World of the
Future” Based on what thevision of life would be in the 1960’s. At the height of the Depression. Commercial failure, but it highlighted design. 1939 World’s Fair Interior of General Motors Highway & Horizonsexhibit. The General Motors Futurama at the 1939 New York World's Fair was one of the most elaborate dark rides in history. A chain of over three hundred seats snaked past gigantic animated tableaux of the city of the future…1960. 1939 Worlds Fair General Motors Building |
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Functionalist Modernism
1950’s & 1960’s |
Charles and Ray Eames
Eero Saarinen Verner Panton Dieter Rams George Nelson Charles & Ray Eames (1907-1978) Charles (1912-1988) Ray Known for furniture and toy design. Command and new uses of wood, metal and plastics. Practiced architecture, film, interior design and product design. Charles & Ray Eames Model 670, Eames Lounge Chair & Ottoman, 1956. Made from 3 moulded rosewood shells. Leather upholstery. Cast aluminium base. Wood-Moulding Technolgoy Leg splints, Charles Eames 1942 Eero Saarinen Finnish architect, (1910-1961) Known for his Post-Modern style. Architect of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the Dulles Airport terminal in Virginia. Eero Saarinen Tulip Chair, 1956 “Good Form” Functionalist Modernism and Neo- Functionalism, 1950’s Verner Panton (1926-1998) Danish designer and architect best known for furniture and lighting. Also designed fabrics and interiors. Gerrit Rietveld Zig-Zag Chair, 1934 Verner Panton Panton Chair (or Side Chair), 1959-60 Heart Chair Verner Panton Verner Panton Cone Chair Dieter Rams 1932-present, Wiesbaden, Germany. Trained as an architect and interior designer in Germany. Known for his work at Braun. Stark and austere, yet functional. Dieter Rams Braun Room Fan, 1974 Braun Coffee Grinder, 1969 Marshmellow Sofa, 1956 George Nelson (1908-1986) One of the most influential figures in postwar American design. Known for furniture, clocks and his research and writings of modernism. Studied at Yale. George Nelson Coffee Table, 1944. Glass top and wood base manufactured by Herman Miller. George Nelson Natural woodball clock, 1948 Multicolor ball clock, 1948 Sunburst clock, 1950 Asterisk clock, white, 1950 Asterisk clock, black, 1950 Kite clock, 1960 George Nelson Design = Good Business Design = Good Business Paul Rand Herbert Matter Josef Muller Brockmann Lester Beall Ivan Chermayeff Paul Rand (1914-1996) Preeminent corporate designer. Considered the father of modern graphic design. Famous for corporate identity programs including IBM, ABC, Westinghouse, and UPS. Paul Rand Do you need a caption? Swiss Travel Poster Herbert Matter (1907- 1984) Swiss born American. Pioneer in the use of photography in advertising Photomontage and type. Herbert Matter Josef Muller Brockmann (1914-1996) Pioneer of swiss graphic design. Josef Muller Brockmann Lester Beall (1903-1969) American graphic designer. Type and imagery in posters Corporate identity (International Paper). Lester Beall Ivan Chermayeff Russian graphic designer. Founder of Chermayeff and Geismar design firm. Corporate logos, exhibits and graphic design. Ivan Chermayeff |
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Italian Design 1954-1968
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“Good” Design With Personality
Mario Bellani Richard Sapper Mario Bellini (1935-present) Trained as an architect in Milan. Opened his own studio in 1959. Architecture, furnishings and industrial design. Worked for Olivetti. Mario Bellini Olivetti Portable calculator, 1973 Radio “Alpha”, 1968 Mario Bellini Lettera 12 typewriter for Olivetti, 1977 Mario Bellini Cab Chair, 1976 Mario Bellini Imago Executive Office Chair Ypilson Office Chair Tizio Lamp Richard Sapper (1932-present) Italian born in Germany. One of the most influential Italian industrial designers. Known for his IBM ThinkPad and Tizio Lamps. Also worked at Mercedes-Benz. Richard Sapper IBM Thinkpad 2000 IBM NetVista X401 PC |
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Pop Culture
1960’s |
Roy Lichtenstein
Andy Warhol Ettore Sottsass Joe Colombo Memphis Group Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997) Known as a “Pop Artist.” Graduate of OSU, 1949. Taught at OSU from 1949-1951. Roy Lichtenstein Vicki, 42” x 42” 1964. Roy Lichtenstein Campbell's Soup 1, 1968 Andy Warhol (1928-1987) Founder of Pop Art Movement Trained as graphic artist. Marilyn, 1964 Andy Warhol Memphis Group Famous group of Italian designers guided by Ettore Sottsass. “Strange furniture with flashily coloured plastic laminates emblazoned with geometric and leopard-skin patterns usually found in 1950s comic books or cheap cafés.” Ettore Sottsass (1917-present) Founded “Memphis” design movement. Known for furniture and product design as well as ceramics, graphics and craftwork. Former head of design for Olivetti, the Italian computer manufacturer. Ettore Sottsass Carlton, 1981 Ettore Sottsass Olivetti Valentine typewriter, 1969 Joe Colombo Italian artist & designer (1930-1971). Known for innovative use of plastic in furnishings and office equipment; “master of plastic design.” Plastics As the appeal of functionalism began to fade in favor for the new pop culture of the 60’s. This was the time many international patents on materials were expiring, such as polyethylene which was introduced before WWII, thus making them more available and less costly. Plastics allowed the designer to challenge the user's experience with weight, color and form. |
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Streamlining
1927-1939 |
The dawn of industrial design.
Raymond Loewy Norman Bel Geddes Henry Dreyfuss Walter Dorwin Teague 1939 World’s Fair Raymond Loewy (1893- 1986) Trained as an engineer and gaphic designer. tarted Raymond Loewy Associates in NYC in 1929 Flamboyant, and charismatic. One of the founders of Industrial Design profession. Designed everything fromlogos, locomotives, radios toAir Force One. Raymond Loewy International Harvester Raymond Loewy Cover of Time Magazine. Life Magazine recently selected Loewy as one of the 100 most nfluential Americans of the twentieth century. Raymond Loewy Raymond Loewy The 1961 Studebaker Avanti NY Central Pencil Sharpener,1933 Raymond Loewy Raymond Loewy Raymond Loewy Dole Deluxe Coca-Cola dispenser, 1947 The Shell Symbol, 1967 Raymond Loewy Norman Bel Geddes (1893-1958) Studied at the Cleveland Institute Of Art. Originally a theatrical designer ntil meeting Frank Lloyd Wight. Known for “streamlining”. A visionary. Norman Bel Geddes Norman Bel Geddes “Patriot” Radio, 1940 Norman Bel Geddes In 1929 he proposed the Airliner Number 4 as the transatlantic airliner of 1940. Norman Bel Geddes Bel Geddes designed the GM Futurama Building. 1939 Worlds Fair, New York City. Norman Bel Geddes Entrace ramp to General Motors World’s Fair Futurama exhibit. Norman Bel Geddes Control bridge: future motorway style. Henry Dreyfuss (1904-1972) Helped develop the industrial design profession in the 1930’s. Established Henry Dreyfuss Associates (still in business today). Pioneer in human factors engineering. Henry Dreyfuss Prototype round thermostat. 1941 Henry Dreyfuss Designing for People: autobiography by Henry Dreyfuss, drawings by Alvin Tilley, 1955 Human Factors Designed “Joe” and “Josephine” Henry Dreyfuss Poloraid’s Land Camera, 1964. Designed to be cheaper than its predecessor. Neat and portable. Controls are marked to aid easy use. Envisaged solutions others could not. Henry Dreyfuss “Mercury” locomotive, 1941 Totally unified product, even down to the coffee cups in the buffet. Ran between Chicago and Detroit. Innovative informal clustering of seats, intended to provide more relaxed traveling experience. Poster of Mercury Locomotive Henry Dreyfuss Ergonomics & human factors. Solution to a design problem had to address all social, ethical, aesthetic and practical requirements. Spread his views on the subject through his writings and consultations. Walter Dorwin Teague (1883-1960) Worked in advertising until opening own studio in 1912 (still in business today). Best known for Kodak cameras (first client) and Boeing airplane interiors. Also home interiors. Walter Dorwin Teague Boeing Stratocruiser interior. Walter Dorwin Teague The Modern Room Ford House, Michigan, 1938. Designed in 1938 for Edsel and Eleanor Ford in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan. Combined use of metal, wood and leather. Unified approach to interior design. Walter Dorwin Teague Bluebird radio, 1934 Walter Dorwin Teague Camera and Box, 1930 For Eastman Kodak Company Metal, lacquer. |
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Art Deco
1918-1939 |
A.M. Cassandre
New York and Paris Hollywood Chrysler Building, Empire State,Rockefeller Center, Radio City MusicHall3 Art Deco Characteristics Vertical emphasis and flat roofs. Geometric ornament: parallel straightlines, zig-zags, chevrons, lozenges. Stylized floral motifs and figure sculptures. Octagonal lamps, clocks. Sunrise and floral patterns in ornamentation. Buildings are “stripped down” to their purest forms. Art Deco Influences Especially in Europe, various avant-garde painting styles of the early twentieth century: Cubism, Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism. Reaction to the sensuousness and flowing lines of Art Nouveau. Ancient Egypt (Pharaoh Tutankhamen's tomb was discovered in 1922). Pre-Columbian art and architecture of the Americas. The Chariot of Aurora Art Deco wall relief in the Scaife gallery at Carnegie Mellon Designed for the Grand Salon of the French ocean liner Normandie, 1935. New York Gargoyles Chrysler Showroom Lobby Entrance Chrysler Building Elevator Lobby Empire State Building Built in 1930. Original Owner, John Jacob Raskob. Founder of GM. Rockefeller Center Radio City Music Hall A.M. Cassandre Ukrainian born (1901). Lived in France (Died in 1968). Known for strong emblematic posters which were all over Parisfor two decades. Travel & product posters. A.M. Cassandre Nord Express A.M. Cassandre A.M. Cassandre Normandie transatlantic ocean liner poster, 1935. A.M. Cassandre |
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The Bauhaus
1919-1933 |
Walter Gropius, founder and architect
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Herbert Bayer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Marcel Breuer Marianne Brandt Le Corbusier, contemporary Walter Gropius Bauhaus, Dessau 1925 Bauhaus Closed 1933 Refused to work for Nazis. Many members move tothe United States. Herbert Bayer Herbert Bayer Photography and typography collage. Herbert Bayer Photographic and darkroom manipulation. Marcel Breur Self portrait. Marcel Breuer Chair, 1921 Red & Blue Chair 1917-1923 Gerrit Reitveld Marcel Breuer Wassily Chair, 1925 Classic design, still made today by Knoll. Named after his friend and painter Wassily Kandinsky. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Mies van der Rohe Seagram’s building. Functionalist Modern architecture. Steel frame sky scraper, glass windowed façade, flat roof. Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Chair 1929 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition German Pavilion, 1929 Marianne Brandt Self portrait. Marianne Brandt Tea service, 1924 Silver, ebony and plexiglass. Functional Modern vs. Victorian Marianne Brandt, 1924 Marianne Brandt Desk Lamp Classic design, 1928 Le Corbusier The architect. Grand Comfort Lounge Chair, 1929 Le Corbusier Villa Savoye, 1929-1931 Le Corbusier Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp, France, 1950 Notre Dame du Haut |
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Curvilinear vs.
Rectilinear |
Stained glass.
Curvilinear vs. Rectilinear. |
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Post-Modernism
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Design Leading Up To Today
From Modern to Post-Modern An awareness of the emotional insufficiency of functionalism grew. An opposition to modernism that questioned the prevailing standards. First manifested itself in architecture. Rebelled with its use of historical citations, individuality, colorfulness against the “colorless rational forms of a dogmatic modernism.” Post-Modernism Philip Johnson Michael Graves Philippe Starck Robert Propst Donald Deskey Gaetano Pesce Philip Johnson Born Cleveland in 1906. A.B. Architectural History, Harvard. Director, Department of Architecture, Museum of Modern Art. Brought a lot of attention to Modern & Post-Modern Architecture. 1940 studied under Marcel Breuer at Harvard. Philip Johnson Glass House, New Canaan, CT, 1949. Philip Johnson AT&T Building, New York, 1979-84 Philip Johnson Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, CA. Dedicated 1980. Philip Johnson Mathmatics Tower/Science and Engineering Library, Columbus, OH. 1992 Michael Graves (1934-present) Degrees from University of Cincinnati, Harvard. Professor of Architecture at Princeton University. Started Michael Graves Design. Known for Post-Modern architecture, interiors and product design. Target carries a line of products designed by his firm. Michael Graves Teapot for Alessi Toaster for Target Philippe Starck Philippe Starck (1949-present) French designer, architect trained as an interior designer started own company to make inflatable objects in 1968. Whimsical, tongue-in-cheek design. Designs products from cutlery to boats. http://www.philippe-starck.com Philippe Starck Café Costes, Paris 1984 Robert Propst Designer, inventor. Invented Herman Miller’s Hugely popular “Action Office” furniture series in 1968 Robert Propst Panel system defines the work space, houses electrical and data wires. Influences the aesthetic character of the environment. Robert Propst Action Office Donald Deskey (1894-1989) Former art director turned industrial designer. Best known for his interior design ofthe the Rockefeller Center’s Radio City music hall. Interior, industrial, and visual communication design. Started Deskey Associates in the 1940’s. Donald Deskey Gaetano Pesce (1939-present) Italian architect and designer. Lives and works in New York since 1980. Incorporates popular culture into design. Gaetano Pesce Feltri chair, 1986 Up Family, 1969 Gaetano Pesce Up 5-6 or La Mama, 1969 New Wave The Information Age New Wave & Information Age April Greiman Richard Saul Wurman Eric Spiekermann Clemont Mok http://www.studioarchetype.com David Carson April Greiman (1948-present) Known for her work using new techniques in layering graphics upon each other. Currently working at Pentagram in California. April Greiman http://www.aprilgreiman.com/ AR_artifactsPO_f02.html Richard Saul Wurman (1935-present) Known as the “information architect” for his work on utilizing graphic design to present information in new ways. Wrote “Information Anxiety” |
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Post-Modernism
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Eric Spiekermann
Meta Design founded, 1982 in Berlin. Germany’s largest design firm. Meta typeface. David Carson Nine Inch Nails The Fragile Bank Of Montreal Television commercial LEAP Batteries of Canada Television commercial David Carson “End of Print” “2nd Sight” Design For The Real World Design For The Real World Niels Diffrent Bill Stumpf Deane Richardson Hartmut Esslinger, Frog Design Niels Diffirent Architect and designer. Designed chairs with Eero Saarinen. Designed everything from chairs to tractors at Henry Dreyfuss Associates from 1956-1981. Independent seating designer since 1981. Niels Diffirent Task Light Freedom Saddle Seat Niels Diffirent Freedom chair Niels Diffirent “When design springs from an understanding of the people who are going to use a product, you begin to see forms that you would never have imagined.” Bill Stumpf (1936-present) Preeminent designer of seating and furniture. Designed ground breaking Ergon and Aeron Chairs for Herman Miller. Bill Stumpf Aeron Chair Bill Stumpf Ergon Chair Deane Richardson Founder of Richardson Smith Became Fitch, Inc. Crown Equipment was one of their first clients. Richardson Smith was was one of the preeminent design firms in the 1980’s. Hartmut Esslinger Founded frog design in 1969 in Germany. Designer of the original Apple IIc and Macintosh computer and the Sony Walkman. Coined the term “Form follows emotion.” Hansgrohe Triblel Shower & Faucets frog design Freestyle, 1998 Clipfone, 1998 |
