Dermatology Minimals

Front 1

Classification of hypersensitivity reactions:

Back 1

type I: immediate, IgE-mediated, type II: antibodydependent cytotoxic, type III: immuncomplex-mediated,
type IV: delayed, T-cell mediated

Front 2

Type I hypersensitivity reaction, example:

Back 2

wasp bite allergy, urticaria

Front 3

Type II hypersensitivity reaction, example:

Back 3

drug-induced hemolytic anemia

Front 4

Type III hypersensitivity reaction, example:

Back 4

drug-induced immuncomplex vasculitis

Front 5

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, example:

Back 5

maculopapular drug reaction

Front 6

Most severe form of type I hypersensitivity:

Back 6

anaphylactic shock

Front 7

Definition of anaphylaxia:

Back 7

most severe form of type I hypersensitivity reaction,
symptoms: generalized pruritus, erythema and urticaria,
edema, huskiness, tongue swelling, bronchospasm, nausea,
RR decrease, collapse, respiratory and circulatory
insufficiency

Front 8

Therapy of anaphylaxia:

Back 8

noradrenalin, parenteral fluid replacement, monitoring,
corticosteroid, antihistamin

Front 9

Pathomechanisms of angioneurotic edema:

Back 9

IgE-mediated reaction (e.g. drug, food) or complementmediated reaction (hereditary or acquired (ACEI) deficiency
of C1q esterase inhibitor

Front 10

Classification of urticaria:

Back 10

acute, acute intermittent, chronic

Front 11

Definition of chronic urticaria:

Back 11

symptoms of urticaria lasting >6 weeks

Front 12

Differentiation between allergic urticaria and
urticarial vasculitis:

Back 12

in urticarial vasculitis the urtica lasts at the same location
for >24 hours

Front 13

. Primary lesion in allergic contact dermatitis:

Back 13

seropapule

Front 14

Topical therapy of allergic contact dermatitis:

Back 14

corticosteroid cream or lotion, Aluminium aceticum
tartaricum-ointment, zinc-shake lotion

Front 15

Most prevalent contact sensitizers:

Back 15

nikkel, fragrance, cobalt, chrome

Front 16

Skin test to verify contact hypersensitivity:

Back 16

epicutaneous test

Front 17

Skin test to verify type I hypersensitiivity:

Back 17

Prick test

Front 18

Type of hypersensitivity reaction verified by
epicutaneous skin test:

Back 18

delayed, type IV reaction

Front 19

Definition of white dermographism:

Back 19

after mechanical stimulus instead of vasodilatation
(hyperemia) vasoconstriction (white reaction) develops on
the skin of atopic patients

Front 20

Main features of atopic dermatitis:

Back 20

atopic anamnesis, chronic course, pruritus, dry skin,
characteristic skin lesions e.g. lichenification and extensive,
hyperemic plaques with desquamation and excoriations
(scratching) in the crook of the arm and in the popliteal
area, in children ekzema o

Front 21

Frequent reason of erythroderma originating in
allergic reaction:

Back 21

medicament

Front 22

Clinical appearances of drug allergy:

Back 22

scarlatiniform, rubeoliform, morbilliform exanthemas,
urticaria, maculopapular or papulovesicular exanthemas,
erythema exsudativum multiforme, (palpable) purpura,
erythema nodosum, fix drug eruption

Front 23

Definition of fix drug eruption:

Back 23

recurrent, soliter or multiplex, well circumscribed,
erythematous macules, rarely blisters, erosions on the skin
or on the mucous membranes, appearing at the same
locations again and again in connection with taking a certain
drug

Front 24

Definition of erythema exsudativum multiforme

Back 24

typical annular erythematous macules, papules, sometimes
with central blisters caused by viral infections, drugs, etc.,
in its more severe form the mucous membranes are also
involved (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)

Front 25

Definition of Lyell-syndrome:

Back 25

toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) extending >30% BSA,
induced by S. aureus infection or certain drugs,
accompanied with high mortality

Front 26

Checkup for drug allergy:

Back 26

detailed anamnesis, LTT, provocation test

Front 27

Frequent origin of leukocytoclastic vasculitis of the
skin:

Back 27

hypersensitivity reaction to drug, infection, tumor, food, etc

Front 28

Clinical appearance of the leukocytoclastic vasculitis
of the skin:

Back 28

palpable purpura with or without central necrosis,
particularly on the lower extremities, symmetrically

Front 29

Drugs frequently emerged as causes of cutaneous
vasculitis:

Back 29

penicillin, sulfonamide, amidazophen, diphenyl-hydantoin,
phenylbutazon

Front 30

Clinical appearance of the erythema nodosum:

Back 30

painful nodes on the extensor surfaces of the extremities,
particularly on the legs

Front 31

Internal diseases frequently associated with
pyoderma gangrenosum:

Back 31

IBD (Crohn-disease, colitis ulcerosa)

Front 32

Causes of serum sickness:

Back 32

immunization with heterologous proteins (e.g. tetanus),
parenteral antibiotics

Front 33

Subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematodes which is
accompanied by scarring:

Back 33

DLE (CCLE)

Front 34

It can be expected after DLE-patient was exposed to
sunlight:

Back 34

progression or recurrence of skin symptoms

Front 35

Dermatological symptoms of SLE:

Back 35

butterfly-erythema, photosensitivity, buccal erosions,
effluvium, cutaneous vasculitis

Front 36

Dermatologic symptoms of dermatomyositis:

Back 36

photosensitivity, heliotrop rash, Gottron-papules, periungual
telangiectasia, alopecia, calcinosis, poikiloderma

Front 37

Diagnostic criteria of dermatomyositis (5):

Back 37

proximal muscle weakness, elevated serum CK and LDH,
chracteristic EMG changes, diagnostic muscle biopsy,
inflammatory skin symptoms

Front 38

It has to be excluded as provoking factor of
dermatomyositis:

Back 38

malignancy (ovarial, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, headneck cancer)

Front 39

Definition of pemphigus vulgaris:

Back 39

autoimmune disease characterized by intraepidermal blister
development as consequence of autoantibody formation
against desmosomal proteins

Front 40

Characteristics of the blisters in pemphigus vulgaris:

Back 40

noninflammatory base, thin wall, easily ruptured (tend to
erode), localised to the mucous membranes and skin

Front 41

Medications suitable for treatment of pemphigus
vulgaris:

Back 41

high-dose corticosteroid, azathioprin, cyclophosphamid,
IVIG

Front 42

Histological definition of pemphigoid:

Back 42

subepidermal blister formation

Front 43

Direct immunfluorescence finding in bullous
pemphigoid:

Back 43

IgG and C'3 deposition along the basement membrane

Front 44

Important for the successful therapy of dermatitis
herpetiformis Duhring:

Back 44

gluten-free diet

Front 45

Therapy of folliculitis:

Back 45

topical desinficients, if necessary, systemic antibiotics

Front 46

Definition of impetigo:

Back 46

superficial (subcorneal) pyogenic inflammation caused by
Str. haemolyticus or S. aureus

Front 47

Therapy of impetigo:

Back 47

Removal of crust, then topical antiseptic ointment, if
necessary, systemic antibiotics

Front 48

Complicated forms of erysipelas:

Back 48

bullous, haemorrhagic, gangraenous, absceding, migrating,
recurrent

Front 49

Therapy of erysipelas:

Back 49

systemic antibiotics (penicillin derivates, makrolides),
topical Aluminium-containing ointment or zinc-shake
lotion, chill, antiseptic treatment of the injury site

Front 50

Cause of Lyme disease, initiating skin symptom:

Back 50

Borrelia burgdorferi transferred by tick bite, erythema
chronicum migrans

Front 51

Dermatological symptoms associated with Lymeborreliosis:

Back 51

erythema chronicum migrans, lymphadenosis benigna cutis,
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

Front 52

Characteristic clinical symptom of soor oris:

Back 52

painless whitish confluent papules on the buccal mucous
membrane, tongue, palate, after wiping erosions are left

Front 53

Clinical types of candidosis oris:

Back 53

acute pseudomembranous; atrophic; chronic hyperplastic;
granulomatous

Front 54

Common pathogens in dermatomycoses:

Back 54

dermatophytons (obligate), yeasts (facultative)

Front 55

Clinical picture of pityriasis versicolor:

Back 55

0.5-1 cm, round, rarely scaling, pale brown or white,
scattered or confluent macules on the shoulders, upper parts
of chest and back; reservoir: scalp

Front 56

Characteristics of herpes zoster:

Back 56

varicella zoster virus induced, remarkable pain followed by
formation of grouped vesicles (1-3 mm) localized to
dermatom, accompanied by lymph node swelling,
postherpetic neuralgia is possible, cause of
immunosuppression (e.g. neoplasia) has to be looked

Front 57

Examples of oral antimycotic drugs:

Back 57

ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafin

Front 58

Clinical picture of molluscum contagiosum:

Back 58

1-3 mm, flesh-coloured, shiny, umbilicated papules, induced
by Poxvirus

Front 59

Sexually transmitted infections to be registered:

Back 59

syphilis, gonorrhoea, HIV, ulcus molle, lymphogranuloma
venereum, granuloma inguinale, NGU, herpes genitalis,
condyloma acuminatum

Front 60

Cause of syphilis:

Back 60

Treponema pallidum infection

Front 61

Transmission of syphilis:

Back 61

sexual, transplacental, intravenous

Front 62

Stages of syphilis:

Back 62

early syphilis (syphilis I, II, syphilis latens recens, early
syphilis connatalis), late syphilis (syphilis III, syphilis latens
tarda, late syphilis connatalis)

Front 63

Characteristics of syphilis I:

Back 63

21 days after the infection brownishred papule at the
inoculation site, then painless ulcus durum, bubo indolens,
belltongue penis

Front 64

Characteristics of syphilis II:

Back 64

9 weeks after the infection generalized maculopapular, not
itchy exanthem, condyloma latum, lymphadenomegaly

Front 65

Definition of syphilis latens recens:

Back 65

complete seropositivity within 2 years after the infection,
without clinical symptoms

Front 66

Revealing of T. pallidum:

Back 66

dark field microscopy, from fluid obtained from the surface
of ulcus durum or from lymph node punctate

Front 67

Syphilis serological tests:

Back 67

aspecific:lipoid-test (RPR), specific:T. pallidum
immobilization-test (TPIT), fluorescent treponemal
antibody-test (FTA-Teszt), FTA-Abs-test, T. pallidum
haemagglutination test (TPHA), ELISA

Front 68

Biological aspecific positivity of syphilis serological
test:

Back 68

lipoid-test positivity without T. pallidum infection, the
reasons: autoimmune diseases, viral infections, intravenous
drug abuse, pregnancy

Front 69

Definition of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction:

Back 69

4-12 hs after starting antibiotic treatment in syphilis fever
and chill appears, not allergic response

Front 70

Therapy of syphilis I-II:

Back 70

2x15 MIU procain-penicillin i.m. (1 MIU/nap), 2-4 ws
between the two courses, or in Sy I 1x2.4 MIU benzathinpenicillin i.m., in Sy II and Sy latens recens 2x2.4 MIU
benzathin-penicillin

Front 71

Cause of gonorrhoea

Back 71

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 72

Clinical types of urogenital gonorrhoea in male:

Back 72

urethritis gonorrhoica anterior/posterior acuta, prostatitis
gonorrhoica, epididymitis gonorrhoica acuta

Front 73

Clinical types of urogenital gonorrhoea in female:

Back 73

cervicitis gonorrhoica acuta, bartholinitis gonorrhoica acuta,
vulvovaginitis gonorrhoica acuta, endometritis gonorrhoica,
endosalpingitis gonorrhoica acuta, adnexitis gonorrhoica
acuta

Front 74

Symptoms of acute urethritis gonorrhoica anterior:

Back 74

burning pain, white, then yellow abundant urethral fluid,
urinary pain

Front 75

Diagnostics of gonorrhoea:

Back 75

microscopical examination (Gram-stain), culture, PCR

Front 76

Therapy of gonorrhoea:

Back 76

1x250 mg ceftriaxon i.m. (cave: Lidocain-hypersensitivity)
or 1x400 mg ofloxacin p.o. or 1x400 mg cefixim or 1x500
mg ciprofloxacin p.o.

Front 77

Causes of non-gonorrhoeal urethritis:

Back 77

Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureoplasma urealyticum

Front 78

Therapy of Chlamydia trachomatis infection:

Back 78

2x100 mg doxycyclin/day p.o. for 8 ds or 1x1 g
azithromycin p.o.

Front 79

Possible consequences of PID:

Back 79

infertility, ectopic pregnancy

Front 80

Cause of herpes genitalis:

Back 80

HSV-1, HSV-2

Front 81

Possible consequences of herpes genitalis:

Back 81

superinfection, infection of the newborn, recurrence,
increased risk of HIV-infection, increased risk of cervix
cancer

Front 82

Therapy of primary herpes genitalis:

Back 82

5x200 mg acyclovir for 5 days

Front 83

Cause of condyloma acuminatum:

Back 83

HPV 6, 11, rarely 16, 18

Front 84

Signs of scabies:

Back 84

increased pruritus in warm, particularly at night, papules,
nodules and excoriations in finger webs, on palms, on soles,
on volar surface of wrists, in intertriginous areas, in the
genital area; members of family frequently have the same
symptoms

Front 85

Therapy of scabies:

Back 85

permethrin cream (8 hs), sulfur and salicylic acid containing
ointment (3 ds-therapy)

Front 86

Characteristic skin lesions in psoriasis:

Back 86

papule, plaque, squama (parakeratosis)

Front 87

Definition of Köbner-phenomenon:

Back 87

10-14 ds after a physical or chemical trauma the
characteristic skin lesions of a skin disease develop

Front 88

Predilection sites of psoriatic skin lesions:

Back 88

sites of irritation: elbow, knee, scalp; inverz: intertriginous
areas (under the breast and abdomen, genitofemoral,
perianal areas)

Front 89

Frequent nail symptoms of psoriasis:

Back 89

psoriasis punctata unguium, onycholysis partialis,
onychodystrophia, onychogryphosis

Front 90

Factors influencing the development of psoriasis:

Back 90

inherited factors, epidermal and immunological
characteristics, environmental factors, stress

Front 91

Complications in psoriasis:

Back 91

1. erythroderma psoriaticum 2. psoriasis pustulosa 3.
arthropathia psoriatica

Front 92

Mechanism of pustule formation in psoriasis
pustulosa:

Back 92

leukocyte accumulation within the epidermis induced by
citokines causing sterile pustules on erythematous base

Front 93

Clinical forms os psoriasis pustulosa:

Back 93

1. localized (pustulosis palmoplantaris) 2. generalized

Front 94

Clinical types of arthropathia psoriatica:

Back 94

1. distal (oligoarticular or polyarticular, symmetric or
asyimmetric) 2. axial (iliosacral)

Front 95

Drugs which are able to provoke symptoms of
psoriasis:

Back 95

beta-blockers, NSAIDs, lithium

Front 96

Topical therapy of psoriasis:

Back 96

emollients, salicylic acid- and sulphur-containing oil and
ointment (keratolysis), topical corticosteroids, calcipotriol,
Dithranol

Front 97

Sytemic therapy of severe psoriasis:

Back 97

retinoid (acitretin), methotrexate, cyclosporine A, biological
response modifiers

Front 98

Reason of contraindication of systemic corticosteroid
therapy in psoriasis:

Back 98

rebound after stopping the steroid-therapy, often in more
severe form (erythroderma or psoriasis pustulosa)

Front 99

Therapy of arthropathia psoriatica:

Back 99

NSAIDs, methotrexate, leflunomide, TNF-alfa inhibitors

Front 100

Biological therapy of psoriasis:

Back 100

TNF-alfa inhibitors: adalimumab (Humira), etanercept
(Enbrel), infliximab (Remicade); IL12/23 inhibitor:
ustekinumab (Stelara)

Front 101

Contraindications of TNF-alfa inhibitor therapy:

Back 101

infections (tbc, HIV, hepatitis B, C), severe cardial
decompensation, malignancies, autoimmune diseases,
demyelinization disorders, other severe diseases (e.g. renal
insufficiency)

Front 102

Systemic retinoids:

Back 102

isotretinoin (acne), acitretin (psoriasis, CTCL, morbus
Darier)

Front 103

Topical retinoids:

Back 103

isotretinoin, adapalene (acne)

Front 104

Indications of retinoid therapy:

Back 104

acne, psoriasis, CTCL, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis

Front 105

Side effects of retinoid therapy:

Back 105

teratogenicity, cutaneous-, mucosal dryness,
hyperlipidaemia, hepatotoxicity, osteogenesis disturbance,
pseudotumor cerebri (during tetracycline-therapy),
gastrointestinal dyscomfort

Front 106

. Definition of PUVA:

Back 106

photochemoterapy: psoralen + UVA-irradiation

Front 107

Types of PUVA-therapy:

Back 107

psoralen given systemically (per os) + UVA, psoralen used
topically (bath, cream) + UVA

Front 108

Definition of Re-PUVA:

Back 108

retinoid per os in combination with PUVA-therapy

Front 109

Indications of PUVA-therapy:

Back 109

psoriasis, CTCL, scleroderma, lichen ruber planus

Front 110

Type of phototherapy used most frequently:

Back 110

narrow band (311 nm) UVB

Front 111

Biologically active ranges of the sunlight reaching
the skin:

Back 111

UVB, UVA

Front 112

Acute and chronic effects of the sunlight on the skin:

Back 112

acute: sunburn, pigmentation, phototoxic and photoallergic
reactions, vitamin D-synthesis; chronic: photoaging,
photocarcinogenesis (actinic keratosis, BCC, SCC, lentigo
maligna, malignant melanoma), photodermatoses

Front 113

Therapy of sunburn:

Back 113

chill, shake lotion, topical corticosteroid, dexpanthenol
foam, fluid intake, sunprotection, in severe form NSAIDS
per os, steroid per os

Front 114

Chronic effects of ionizing irradiation on the skin:

Back 114

poikiloderma (teleangiectasia, atrophy, hypo- and
hyperpigmentation), ulcer, hyperkeratosis, skin cancer

Front 115

Symptoms of lichen ruber planus:

Back 115

violaceous hyperemic shiny surfaced flat angular papules,
symmetrically on the flexor surfaces of extremities, in the
region of the sacrum; mucosal involvement is possible;
severely itchy

Front 116

Extracutaneous symptoms of lichen ruber planus:

Back 116

oral mucous membrane: lichen oris (papular, reticular,
plaque, atrophic, ulcerating, bullous-erosive); nail changes

Front 117

Definition of pityriasis rosea:

Back 117

papulosquamous skin disease, maybe associated with HHV-
7; oval, pale erythematous papules, in a Christmas tree
branches pattern, with collarette of fine scaling, mainly on
the trunk of young adults; the generalized eruption is
preceded by a herald patch;

Front 118

Therapy of pityriasis rosea:

Back 118

avoidance of soap and bath and ointments, use of powder or
white shake lotion

Front 119

Symptoms of rosacea:

Back 119

centrofacial erythema, telangiectasias, papules, pustules,
nodules, plaques, connective tissue and sebaceous gland
hyperplasia (e.g. rhinophyma)

Front 120

Most common reasons of adulthood erythroderma:

Back 120

primary: allergic or toxic skin reaction; secondary: upon a
previous skin disease or hematological malignancy e.g.
atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, Sezary
syndrome

Front 121

Characteristics of basal cell carcinoma:

Back 121

most common skin malignancy, slowly enlarging, rarely
metastasizing, most frequent on the sun exposed skin areas,
in men older than age 50, waxy nodules with central
depression and exulceration, or red scaly ill-defined
plaques/patches, highly chracetrist

Front 122

Clinical types of basal cell carcinoma:

Back 122

nodulo-ulcerative, pigmented, superficial, fibrosing
(sclerosing, morphea-like)

Front 123

Etiology of basal cell carcinoma:

Back 123

genetic factors, chronic UV-exposure, chemicals (As, tar),
ionizing radiation

Front 124

First choice treatment of basal cell carcinoma:

Back 124

complete surgical excision

Front 125

Treatment possibilities of basal cell carcinoma
besides simple surgical excision:

Back 125

topical cytostatics (5FU), imiquimod (only for superficial
tumor), cryotherapy, radiotherapy, Mohs' type micrographic
surgery

Front 126

Definition of leukoplakia:

Back 126

flat, whitish plaque localized to the mucous membrane of
lips, mouth, vulva, vagina; single or multiple; progression to
SCC in 20-30% of chronic cases (precancerous lesion)

Front 127

Most common malignancy of the oral mucous
membrane:

Back 127

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 128

Characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma:

Back 128

rapidly growing nodule with central ulcer and indurated
raised border, there is preceding precancerous lesion, most
common on the face and dorsa of the hands, lymph node
metastases may occur

Front 129

Characteristics of "suspicious" pigment cell lesion:

Back 129

asymmetry (A), irregular border (B), multiple color (C),
change in size (D=diameter increase), shape, pigmentation
or appearance of induration, friability, ulceration
(E=evolution)

Front 130

Predisposing factors for malignant melanoma:

Back 130

high number of nevi, dysplastic nevi, small or large
congenital nevi, positive family history, fair skin with
freckles, sunburn in childhood

Front 131

Differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma:

Back 131

seborrheic keratosis, melanocytic nevus, dermatofibroma,
pigmented basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
hemangioma, subungual hematoma

Front 132

Major clinicopathological types of malignant
melanoma:

Back 132

superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), nodular melanoma
(NM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), acral lentiginous
melanoma (ALM), mucosal melanoma, amelanotic
melanoma

Front 133

Significance of the Breslow tumour thickness:

Back 133

main prognostic factor in malignant melanoma, determines
the requirement of sentinel lymph node biopsy and the size
of the appropriate surgical margin and the need of adjuvant
interferon-alfa therapy

Front 134

Staging parameters in malignant melanoma:

Back 134

clinicopathological parameters (Breslow tumour thickness,
Clark invasion level, exulceration, mitotic rate, sentinel
lymph node), laboratory parameters (blood cell counts, liver
function test, LDH, S100), physical examination and US
(regional lymph nodes

Front 135

Therapy of malignant melanoma:

Back 135

Stage I-II: complete surgical excision of the primary tumor
± sentinel lymph node dissection, adjuvant: ± interferonalfa; Stage III: radical lymph node dissection, adjuvant:
interferon-alfa ± radiotherapy ± chemotherapy; Stage IV:
metastasectomy, palliat

Front 136

Characteristics of xeroderma pigmentosum::

Back 136

early skin cancer development due to deficiency of
nucleotide excision repair

Front 137

Reasons for brown nail:

Back 137

melanocytic nevus, acral lentiginous melanoma, subungual
hematoma, drugs (chloroquine, gold, mercury), Addisondisease

Front 138

Types of Kaposi sarcoma:

Back 138

classic idiopathic, endemic (Africa), epidemic (AIDSrelated), iatrogenic

Front 139

Characteristics of mycosis fungoides:

Back 139

cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, appears as macules
(premycotic or erythematous stage), plaques (infiltrative
stage), tumours (tumour stage) or erythroderma; lymph node
metastases may occur; Sezary-syndrome is its leukemic
form

Front 140

Characteristics of Sezary-syndrome:

Back 140

leukemic form of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with
erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, ectropium, palmoplantar
hyperkeratosis and the number of Sezary cell in peripheral
blood >5%

Front 141

Population at risk of HIV infection:

Back 141

homo-, bisexual males, intravenous drug users, patients who
are in need of transfusion frequently, promiscuous
heterosexual males and females

Front 142

Spreading of HIV infection:

Back 142

this virus spreads with infected cells in body fluids (blood,
semen, gutfluid, vaginal fluid), body fluids which contain
few lymphocytes, like saliva and tear are less likely to infect

Front 143

Latency period of AIDS:

Back 143

1.5-12 ys (average 4.5 ys) from the primary infection

Front 144

Target cells of HIV:

Back 144

CD4+ lymphocytes

Front 145

Beginning of antibody-production in HIV-infected
patients:

Back 145

8-12 ws after the primary infection

Front 146

Clinical symptoms in AIDS Releated Complex:

Back 146

enlarged lymph nodes, at least in two regions outside of the
inguinal region, at least for 3 months; intermittent fever;
over 10% body weight loss; intermittent or continuous
diarrhea; increasing fatigue; nightly sweating; recurrent
herpes, Candida infect

Front 147

Laboratory abnormalities in AIDS Related Complex:

Back 147

anemia, neutropenia, decreased proportion of Thelper cells,
cutaneous anergy

Front 148

Most common tumours of patients with AIDS:

Back 148

Kaposi's sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma, primary central
nervous system lymphoma

Front 149

Diagnosis of AIDS:

Back 149

serological positivity (antibody, antigen, virus RNA) and
<200 CD4+ cells/μl and/or clinical symptoms of AIDS

Front 150

Therapy of AIDS:

Back 150

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): combination
of 2 nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
+ 1 protease inhibitor or 1 non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor

Front 151

Characteristics of 1st degree burn:

Back 151

superficial skin damage characterized by pain, erythema,
edema, heals without scar formation

Front 152

Characteristics of 2nd degree burn:

Back 152

superficial or deep, characterized by erythema and
subepidermal blisters, which are easily ruptured, heals
without or with scar

Front 153

Characteristics of 3rd degree burn:

Back 153

the skin is damaged to the whole thickness, skin appendages
are destroyed, necrotic crust appears on the wound, heals
with scar formation, indication for surgery (necrectomia,
skin grafting)

Front 154

Therapy of severe burn:

Back 154

interventions against shock: fluid resuscitation, stabilization
of cardiac status, pain relief; bathing, necrotomia if
necessary; tetanus prophylaxis, antibiotic prophylaxis,
gastric protection, fluid-, electrolyte- and proteinreplacement, transfusion if

Front 155

First aid for a combustion:

Back 155

running tap water, gel with substantial cooling capacity if
available, desinfectant (povidone iodine, silver sulfadiazine,
±hyaluronic acid)

Front 156

Wallace's Rule of Nines in burn patients:

Back 156

the total body surface area consists of 9% areas equal with
body regions (+1% perineum)

Front 157

Cells of the epidermis:

Back 157

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

Front 158

The epidermal layers:

Back 158

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (palm, sole), stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Front 159

The most important epidermal part of the physicochemical barrier:

Back 159

stratum corneum

Front 160

Characteristics of Langerhans cells:

Back 160

epidermal dendritic cells with antigen presenting function,
contain Birbeck-granules

Front 161

Definition of parakeratosis:

Back 161

because of pathological keratinocyte differentiation
corneocytes contain nuclei

Front 162

Functions of the skin:

Back 162

mechanical protection, perception of stimuli, thermoregulation, sun protection, chemical barrier function,
antimicrobial activity

Front 163

Definition of skin barrier function:

Back 163

inhibition of water and electrolyte loss through the skin,
maintenance of the homeostasis of the body, protection
against external harms

Front 164

Parts of skin immune system:

Back 164

keratinocytes, Langerhans-cells, dermal dendritic cells and
macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes, citokines,
inflammatory mediators

Front 165

Definition of primary skin lesions:

Back 165

first symptoms of a skin disease

Front 166

Primary skin lesions:

Back 166

macule, patch; infiltrative: papule, plaque, tuber, nodule;
exsudative: vesicle, bulla, pustule, urtica (wheal); tumour

Front 167

Secondary skin lesions:

Back 167

squama (scale), erosion, excoriation, fissure, ulcer, fistula,
crust, cicatrix (scar), atrophy, lichenification

Front 168

Definition of papule:

Back 168

cellular infiltrate in the papillary dermis, up to 1 cm

Front 169

Definition of plaque:

Back 169

cellular infiltrate in the papillary dermis, larger than 1cm

Front 170

Definition of erythroderma:

Back 170

the whole skin is red or brownishred, infiltrated, scaling; the
desquamation is lamellar in acute erythroderma, rather
pityriasiform in chronic case

Front 171

Definition of decubitus:

Back 171

ischemic necrosis on a site exposed to prolonged pressure
on an unconscious or disabled patient

Front 172

Definition of cream and ointment:

Back 172

cream: oil in water (hydrophilic), nongreasy, moisturizing,
easy to remove by water, microbiologically instable;
ointment: water in oil (hydrophobic), greasy, emollient, can
not be removed by water, microbiologically stable

Front 173

Definition of paste:

Back 173

powder in ointment

Front 174

Potency ranking of topical corticosteroids:

Back 174

mild: hydrocortisone, prednisolon; moderately potent:
triamcinolon; potent: fluocinolon acetonide, mometason;
superpotent: clobetasol

Front 175

Side effects of topical corticosteroids:

Back 175

atrophy, striae, impetigo, hypertrichosis, telangiectasia,
purpura, delayed wound healing

Front 176

Symptoms of arterial ulcer and atherosclerotic
vascular disease:

Back 176

sharp-edged necrotic ulcer; the limb is cold, the peripheral
pulse is not palpable, there is nail dystrophy; intermittent
claudication

Front 177

The anatomical and hemodinamical characteristics of
the lower limb venous system:

Back 177

1. perforant veins between the two venous systems
(superficial, deep); 2. the effect of gravity; 3. venous valves;
4. muscle pump, venous tone

Front 178

Definition of primary varicosity:

Back 178

dilation of veins due to congenital connective tissue
weakness; there is a consequent vein valve failure; can be
compensated or decompensated

Front 179

Stages of chronic venous insufficiency:

Back 179

I. corona phlebectatica paraplantaris, subfascial congestion,
edema; II. hyperpigmentation; stasis dermatitis, stasis
purpura, lipodermatosclerosis, atrophie blanche; III. ulcus
cruris

Front 180

Reason of secondary varicosity:

Back 180

deep vein thrombosis

Front 181

Main subjective complaints of chronic venous
insufficiency:

Back 181

feeling of "heavy legs", stretching, fatigue, paresthesia,
itching, night crural spasm, dull pain

Front 182

Reasons of chronic venous insufficiency:

Back 182

primary varicosity, postthrombotic syndrome, perforans
insufficiency

Front 183

Definition of superficial thrombophlebitis?

Back 183

inflammation of the vein wall in the superficial venous
system

Front 184

The difference between superficial thrombophlebitis
and acute deep vein thrombosis related to patient
mobilisation?

Back 184

patients suffering from thrombophlebitis should be
mobilised, while patients with deep vein thrombosis should
not because of the risk of embolism

Front 185

Most common localization of chronic venous leg
ulcer:

Back 185

around the inner ankle and the site above, because
hydrostatic pressure is the highest and fascia is the thinnest
here

Front 186

Characteristics of chronic venous leg ulcer:

Back 186

the edge of the ulcer is stepped, the base is covered with
pellicle; scaly, reddish, excoriated dermatitis, hyper-,
hypopigmentation, lipodermatosclerosis, irregular white
scars, telangiectasias, dilated veins are common around the
ulcer, pointing-out vei

Front 187

Key point in the therapy of chronic venous leg ulcer:

Back 187

adequate application of elastic bandage or support hose
(edema control)

Front 188

Hereditary bullous skin disease:

Back 188

epidermolysis bullosa

Front 189

Most common skin symptoms in diabetes mellitus:

Back 189

pruritus, infections, rubeosis diabeticorum, diabetic
dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, diabetic
foot, gangrena pedis diabeticorum, eruptive xanthomatosis,
acanthosis nigricans benigna

Front 190

Metabolic disorders in association with
xanthomatosis:

Back 190

hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus

Front 191

The metabolic defect in the background of
porphyrias:

Back 191

hereditary or acquired enzymatic defects of hemebiosynthesis

Front 192

Skin symptoms of porphyria cutanea tarda:

Back 192

blisters on the sun exposed areas, skin fragility, erosions,
scars, milia, hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis