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98 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Cat food allergy diet |
Rabbit and Green pea *add taurine |
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complications of Hydrolyzed (short AA chain)/home diets and treatment |
diarrhea and clostridial overgrowth -> treat with Metrinidazole 1 week |
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how long to do a diet trial for? if still symptomatic, what can you conclude? |
3 months if still symptomatic -> can't R/O paletants |
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Can you try fish as a novel protein in dogs? |
No- most dogs eat cat poop/food cat food always has some level of fish, even if not labeled |
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what special ingredient do you need to add to home-cooked diets? |
non-flavored additive free multi-vitamin and mineral supplement |
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An owner wants to use sweet potato in their home cooked diet- what should you recommend? |
Not long term- they contain thiocyanates (also in other Brassicas such as rutabega) will decrease T3/4/TSH |
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Possible ingredients for dog home-cooked diet? how much? |
Rice/potatoes venison, ostrich, emu, rabbit, duck Toy: 1/2lb/day -> up to 3lb Large Breeds |
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Malassezia pachydermatitis pathogenesis |
always secondary to another problem -> normal flora overgrowth (skin, ear canal, and mucous membranes) |
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Areas commonly affected by Malassezia |
o VentralNeck o InterdigitalRegion o ProximalAnterior Foreleg o PerioralRegion, Chin |
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How would you dx Malassezia? treat? |
greasy, malodorous skin, poor response to steroids/antibiotics rub a glass slide HARD on affected area DOUXO Chlorhex PS Shampoo- ceramides great! in refractory: Ketatonazole (NOT IN CATS- hepatotoxic) |
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breeds predisposed: Malassezia |
Basset, Westie, Cockers, Shih tzu, Eng. Setter, Dachshund |
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What causes Demodicosis? is it contagious? |
Demodex canis mites nope, but need gene for the disease and can be transmitted dam-> puppies |
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where do you find Demodex? what does it look like? |
lips, periorbital region, front paws *cockers get in the ear circumscribed areas of alopecia,hyperpigmentation, erythema, and fine scales *Yorkies are non-alopecic |
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who gets Demodex? |
Juvenile Onset: dogs < 1.5 years Adult-Onset (less common) |
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which organism commonly causes a secondary deep pyoderma to Demodex? |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa now possibly MRSA (from people) and MRSP (dog only) -> CULTURE and SENSITIVITY |
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how to diagnose demodex? |
SQUEEZE! MULTIPLE, DEEP skin scrapings (size of nickel) SharPeis-> BIOPSY |
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how to treat Demodex |
leave alone-> spontaneous remission >90% Goodwinol: clients who need something to do Mitaban (Amitraz) dipping for Adult Generalized (no rinse, w/gloves, well-ventilated area!) q 14d for 3-4 mo Ivermectin for resistant mites -> stop @ 2 neg samples 2-3wks apart Bravecto/ Nexguard working great too SPAY/NEUTER |
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Should you use corticosteroids to help calm down inflammation of Demodex? |
NO |
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Treatment for secondary infections- Demodex |
cocci only: cephalospirins rods: Floroquinolones |
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causative agent of Dermatophytosis? |
Microsporum canis (ringworm), zoophilic less commonly M. gypseum and T. mentagophytes |
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where to find ringworm? |
human nails and hair -> looks the same as Demodex! |
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What host response is important to fight ringworm? |
Cell-Mediated Immunity |
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Dog likes to dig in rodent holes- what's the risk of what it has? |
Trichophyton mentagrophytes mannins-> decrease host CMI-> generalized dz |
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cause of papular/pustular form of dermatophytosis |
Staph pseudintermedius |
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how to dx ringworm? |
Wood's lamp-> tryptophan metabolites glow Dermatophyte test media (DTM)-> ON MEDIA SURFACE...will turn RED by 2 weeks SMALL, WHITE growth (or else false +) sporulation agar-> to determine species deep skin scrape to R/O Demodex |
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tx ringworm? |
Local: spontaneous remission General form: Lime Sulfur dips oCanine: Griseofulvin-Giveit w/ corn oil Needto treat 2 weeks past apparent remissiono Feline: Itraconazole,Fluconazole clip w/scissors |
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cause of hypothyroidism breeds that can develop at 6-9mo old |
autoimmune Goldens and Doberman Pincers |
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what does hypothyroidism look like? |
alopecia- DORSAL PLANUM NOSE TRIANGLE -> back end wedge, bilateral truncal -> shaved hair won't repair, change in color hyperpigmentation Ceruminous otitis externa (Waxy) myopathies/neuropathies Ophthalmic abnormalities bullous impetigo (immune suppression) |
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Diagnosis of hypothyroid? |
Thyroid panel: lower T3/T4 w/o antibodies, high TSH GOLD STD: TSH response test (TOO EXPENSIVE) biopsy: myxedema and thick dermis |
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hypothyroidism treatment |
T4 (sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine) monitor @ 6 weeks 6hr post pill |
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common secondary infection w/ hypothyroid? |
staph |
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common name for hyperadrenocorticism common name for hypoadrenocorticism |
Cushing's Addison's |
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causes of Cushing's |
pituitary-dependent (PDH) -> pituitary neoplasia -> hypothal. inc seratonin or dec dopamine adrenal-dependent (ADH) -> adrenal neoplasia (unilat) -> iatrogenic (excess GCCs) |
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Cushing's Breeds age? |
Boston Terrier, Poodle, Dachshund, Boxer middle-aged-older |
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clinical signs Cushing's |
1/2: PU/PD (85%) ->CNS thirst center and Anti-ADH 3. polyphagia muscle atrophy/weakness-> 4. pot-bellied seizures/blindness-> pituitary neoplasia 5. panting hypertension Alopecia (follicular atrophy, moth-eaten, fails to regrow) bruising, bullous impetigo P/N: CALCINOTIS CUTIS |
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common secondary infections Cushing's |
Staph Malassezia Dermatophytosis Opportunistic Demodicosis (posterior 1/3!) |
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Cushing's diagnosis |
increased Epo-> dec Fe-> normochromic/cytic anemia Stress Leukogram (SMILE)-> neutrophilia Inc ALP decr. BUN (PU/PD urea washed out) Hepatomegaly LDDST, ACTH response (iatrogenic) HDDST (ADH vs PDH) |
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Cushing's treatment |
unilateral adrenalectomy (functional tumor) Trilostane (Vetoryl) |
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ovarian imbalance type - what is it's other name? |
HYPERESTOGENISM cystic ovaries w/ endometrial hyperplasia |
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OI T1 risk for? |
pyometra! |
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OI T1 clinical signs |
older
prolonged, heavy estrous, pseudopregnancies gynocomastia alopecia-> perineal and genital regions 1st hyperpigmented pruritic w/o repercussion-> Type 1 Hypersensitivity to estrogen |
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OI T1 treatment |
Spay that Bitch! |
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Ovarian Imbalance Type 2- also called? |
Hypoestrogenism |
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OI T1 vs T2 |
T2 no hyperpigmentation T2 juvenile and recessed vulva! |
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OI T2 treatment |
ONLY a COSMETIC DZ DES...but BM supression, SID 1 mo, then 1X week CBC q 3-6mo |
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Sertoli cell tumor- what happens? |
cryptorchids, high estrogen |
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Sertoli cell tumor clinical signs |
alopecia perineal/genital hyperpigmentation Feminizing: gynecomastia/lactation, decr. libido, pendulous prepuce (no resolultion), attract males |
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sertoli cell treatment |
castration |
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Seasonal Flank Alopecia- caused by? |
failure of Melatonin to increase as photoperiod decreases |
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Seasonal Flank Alopecia- clinical signs |
cyclical- fall/winter bilat symmetrical flank alopecia w/ hyperpigmentation (can by assymetrical) islands of normal hair Witch's foot on Histopath |
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R/Os for Seasonal Flank Alopecia |
Hypothyroidism Cushing's Ovarian Imbalance Type 1 and 2 Sertoli/Interstitial Cell tumors Alopecia-X |
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Treatment of Seasonal Flank Alopecia
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COSMETIC DZ manipulation of photoperiod Exogeonous Melatonin TID- 1 month prior to onset of alopecia Dermatonin implants |
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Common name for Growth Horomone Responsive Dermatosis |
Alopecia-X |
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Signalment Alopecia-X |
1-3yo intact males Chow, Keeshond, Pomeranian, Mini Poo collar, perineal and genital regions alopecia wiry/wooly coat |
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Alopecia-X result of biopsy |
Flame follicle (eosinophilic tricholemmal keratinization) tuft of normal hair at full-thickness biopsy site |
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what do you need to R/O to dx Alopecia-X? to diagnose? |
Castration Responsive Dermatosis adrenal hyperplasia-like syndrome ->pomeranians and other Alopecia-X breeds (Samoyed instead of minipoo) Growth Horomone Stim test |
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Castration Responsive Dermatosis |
-> 2-4yrs ->high serum estradiol in males -> initial regrowth but eventual reoccurance |
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treatment Alopecia-X |
Aesthetic Dz! nonspecific hammer- Melatonin, flaxseed with Lignans microneedle dermal abrasion Spay/Neuter |
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Sarcoptes scabei var. canis... aka? |
Scabies/ Sarcoptic Mange |
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Scabies clinical signs |
INTENSE pruritus (burrow in strat corneum) ears, elbows, hocks + pinnal/pedal yellow/orange crusts, pustules/alopecia |
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Scabies diagnosis |
10+ sites: broad, superficial scrapings ear pinna margins 1 egg/mite is diagnostic! if wildlife exposure-> increased chance |
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Scabies treatment |
Lime sulfur dips (fragile animals) Selamectin (Revolution) q 14d X3 Imidacloprid + Moxidectin (Adv. Multi) Ivermectin for resistant q7dX4 |
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what else need to do to ctl scabies besides your patient? |
all other contact dogs dispose/launder bedding NOT humans |
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Hyperkeratotic scabies- clinical signs and differentiation |
'Norwegian Scabies' immunosuppression severe, heavy crusting- ventral too many mites |
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fly bite dermatitis- causative agent? clin signs? trx? |
stable fly- stomoxys calcitrans face and EARS dark red-> black crusts permethrin fly repellants- NOT CATS! |
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Pelodera Dermatitis agent? where found and clin signs? |
Pelodera strongyloides nematode larvae straw bedding naturally unhaired areas papules, alopecia intense pruritus |
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Peloderma dermatitis dx tx? |
Deep skin scrape to capillaries- dime size benzoyl peroxide shampoo Amitras (Mitaban) 2 weeks apart Prednisolone |
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Fleas- life cycle |
Don't leave host ever!!!- adult needs meal, larvae need feces can't survive <50% rel humidity/ freezing eggs 90% Life-> hatch 10 d or die! larvae pupate in enviro 7d up to 7 MONTHS cue: heat, vibration, CO2, light intensity meal-> mate in 12h-> egg w/in 24h |
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how fast should flea meds kill to control? |
w/in 24 hours (time it takes to lay eggs) |
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what about fleas are dogs allergic to? type of immune reaction? |
the saliva (contains heparin) Type 1 HyperSe-> IgE, mast cells Type 4 HyperSe-> hapten low MW-> CMI response Intermittent exposure-> allergy continuous-> tolerance |
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what animals do fleas overwinter on? |
opossums, racoons, (foxes/coyotes) rabbits and squirrels own flea *can't complete cycle on humans- only nuissance |
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do cats get fleas? |
yes- Ctenocephalides felis- same as dog less noticeable since they groom -> do a fecal! 50% digested! |
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what is the flea an intermediate host for? |
Dippylidium caninum |
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clinical signs fleas k9 |
posterior 1/3 body- or cranial too papules/hotspots LUMBO SACRAL Alopecic wedge peri-umbilical halo flea dirt not needed |
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clinical signs fleas Fe |
military lesions symmetrical alopecia w/o lesions- barbering eosinophilic plaques/ulcers |
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Dx fleas |
warm-weather seasonally pruritic tapeworms unique lesions intradermal test |
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treatment |
vacuum area spraying foggers Insect Growth Regulator- mimics juvenile hormone -OR- Sodium polyborate (Boric acid) powder |
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NOT to treat with for fleas |
lawns shampoos (only 1-2 day efficacy) collars Ivermectin garlic |
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Secondary treatments fleas |
prednisolone 21-30d systemic antibiotics for infections all other dogs/cats in house |
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direct flea treatment/preventative |
Imidacloprid q14d, Fipronil q21d (resist.) revolution (resistance)- great for cats Nitenpyram (Capstar)-> great for visual fleas, not resistant! |
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flea and tick treatments |
Flumethrin +Imidacloprid (Seresto) 8mo collar +ticks-> GREAT- for cats too! Fluralaner (Bravecto)-> q 90d- effective! cat version coming Afoxolaner (NexGuard)-> Effective q 30d |
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Atopic dermatitis- how do dogs respond to allergens? heritable? |
percutaneously yes- IL-4 B cell IgE production/ response abnormal Th2 response- aeroallergen via APCs of IL-31... |
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Do antihistamines help atopic dermatitis? |
no- 6 mediators are released |
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pathogenesis atopic dermatitis |
abnormal CMI: decreased Tlymphs and neutrophils 3types of CD4+ T helper cells (Th): TReg – non-atopic, normal response (thegood cell) Th2 and Th1 – atopic, abnormal response (allergicresponses) |
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secondary infections? |
bacterial and yeast (often Malassezia) |
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Why do patients with atopic dermatitis often have dry skin? |
overexpression sphingomyelin decyclase-> lack of ceramides (physostigmine) and fillagrin -> more allergen contact |
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atopic dermatitis signalment/ clin signs |
WARM seasons initially <3yr, 2mo for GR, Labs, Cockers, Shar Peis females>males face/ears/feet/pits, prox ant foreleg PRURITUS alopecia, salivary stains, hot-spots, hyperpig |
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Diagnosis |
gold std- history- warm and distrubution Intradermal- false + (esp cats) Serum testing- false - |
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when is the best time to perform allergy testing? |
End of the allergy season (Fall) |
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Atopic dermatitis treatment |
no breed-> heritable! secondary infects Prednisolone (confirms diagnosis 100% time)- 2X dose in cats, for 7d antihistamine+ essential FA cyclosporine+cerenia Apoquel-> JAK and IL-31- not for fragile 70% Allergen Spec. Immunotherapy (HypoSe) shampoos w/ceramides |
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Non- seasonal R/Os for atopic dermatitis |
Flea or food allergy |
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Food allergies- cause? How different than people? |
based on exposure during 'Immunologic window" esp.- 1st 12mo not IgE mediated, they are a delayed T4 hyperSe (like poison ivy)- can take 2-3 mo to resolve! |
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what tests DON'T work for food allergies? |
Intradermal or serum tests |
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percentage of dogs allergic to pallatant? |
25% |
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clinical signs: dogs |
NON SEASONAL Pruritus Ears+Feet (pits, perineal, prox foreleg) Epidermal collarettes (looks like ringworm!) VENTRAL NECK- differentiates unresolved otitis externa (in fleas too) |
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clinical signs: cats |
anterior 1/3 pre-aural military lesion eosinophilic plaque symmetrical alopecia |
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testing food allergy |
only 100% accurate: home cooked diet trial NEVER re-challenge cats-> severe rxn! |
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what to use instead of Heartguard in allergic patients? |
Advantage Multi |
