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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What should you do to visualize mites / FB
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move condensor stage down
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What should you do to visualize eosinophils / parasites
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close the aperture diaphragm
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Describe the steps for kohler illumination
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1. focus on slide using 10x objective
2. Lower condenser stage 3. Close field diaphragm and aperture diaphragm 4. Slowly raise condenser stage until a small circle of light is seen 5. Open field diaphragm until light fills objective view 6. Adjust aperture diaphragm for objective n.a. |
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What are key microscope care points
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-keep scope clean and lubricated
-cover when not in use -clean leans daily to remove oil and debris -USe a different scope for fecal exams if possible -adjust the scope using Kohler illumination |
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What objective should be used to view mites, FB, hair and fungal hyphae
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2-4x
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what are rules for slide submission
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Make extra slides -Send off slides and then keep a copy
send unfixed air dried slides and stained slides package in protected cases do not send in same package as formalin |
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What is the definition of cytology
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Collection of cellular material and or fluid for microscopic examination
use on skin to diagnose and monitor |
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Where can you use cytology
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Skin: impressions, papules, draining tracts, nodules, tumors
Ears Anal sacs Claw folds |
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What are you looking for on cytology
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-Inflammatory vs non-inflammatory
-Presence of infectious agents -evidence of neoplasia -Presence of acantholytic cells |
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What is skin
what is normally found on it |
Cornified layer
-keratinocytes -debris -minimal micro-organisms |
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How long does skin take to mature
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- 21 days to mature
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What are the characteristics of Melanin
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- Variable amount, size and shape in groups or clumps
-Brown - reddish orange in color - Some pigment will look like bacteria |
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Who makes melanocytes
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Melanocyte (dendritic cell)
- Located in basal layer of the epidermis - Keratocytes phagocytize the melanin |
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What locations may give a contaminated smaple
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Ulcer
draining tract oral cavity (SImonsiella) |
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What is normal finding of an anal sac
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ketatinocytes
mixed bacterial population |
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What are findings consistent with anal sacculitis
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Neutrophils
predominance of 1-2 types of bacteria |
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How can you perform cytology sample collection
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fine needle aspiration (masses, ln)
Impression smears Scrapings Lanced pustules or papules swabs (facial fold) Anal sac - express and touch to slide |
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When should you not use squash preparation
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pustular material (use brush)
weight of two slides is damaging to friable neutrophil in the lesion |
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What specimens should not be heat fixed
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wet or pustular material
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When is heat fixing useful
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greasy preps
impressions smears ears Malassezia |
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What stains can be used for fungi and yeast
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Silver stain
Periodic acid-Schiff |
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What stain is used for Mycobacteria and Nocardia
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Acid fast
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What stain is used for Mast cells
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Giemsa
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What are benefits of running cytology
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-provides rapid diagnostic information
-may provide definitive diagnosis -has high benefit: cost -high profit margin -indicated in most derm cases |
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What are cytologic characteristics of neoplasia
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-vary in size form normal cells of same tissue
-unsusual shapes and forms -Groups or clusters of cells are more likely -Cytoplasm often stains more basophilic -Inclusions may be present -low cytoplasm:nucleus -nucleoli present -irregular mitotic figures -fine chromatin pattern in nucleus |
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How can you maximize the value of skin biopsies
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-clip hair short
-do not scrub the lesion -handle tissue gently -rinse specimen -fix appropriately |
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Where should you biopsy
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take a sample of every lesion that looks different
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When is general anesthesia required for biopsies
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pinnae
nasal planum foot pad oral cavity temperament? |
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When is local anesthesia appropriate for biopsies
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Skin over trunk
abdomen |
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When is sedation and local anesthesia appropriate for biopsies
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parts of extremities
head anxious / fussy patients cats |
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What are special consideration of biopsing nasal planum
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dont go on midline
nose is very rigid suture closed avoid hemorrhage and truama to underlying cartilage |
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What are special consideration of biopsing ears
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anatomy
trauma to underlying cartilage esthetics use 25g needle insert fluid between cartilage and skin lift skin off bleb and biopsy without cartilage involvement |
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What are special consideration of biopsing foot pad
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trauma
weight bearing area healing risk of dehisence use wedge biopsy and suture closed |
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How do you biopsy for culture
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biopsy from side of lesion
scrub first rinse sample with sterile saline sample will be minced for culture other sample should be submitted for histopath |
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when do you biopsy for culture
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Larger granuloma
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