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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Hitler become German Chancellor? |
30th January 1933 |
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What initial constraints on his power did Hitler have? |
The Junkers and the President |
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Why were the Weimar people initially unconcerned about Hitlers far right views? |
He was the 15th Chancellor in 14 years, so people assumed he would be gone soon. Weimar was largely unstable. |
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How was Hindenberg and the Elites an obstacle to Hitlers power? |
They could easily take away his power, and the president (hindenberg) was the one who appointed and dismissed the chancellors |
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How was PR an obstacle to Hitlers power? |
Meant that a coalition rule was necessary. Only 3/12th of the Reichatsg were Nazis, forcing him to side with the DNVP. |
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How much of the vote did the Nazi Party receive in July 1932 compared to November 1932? |
July: 38% November: 32% |
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Why was the Army an obstacle to Hitlers power? |
Still controlled by the Junkers who were more loyal to Hindenburg than Hitler, and could easily topple his government. |
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What independent organisations were obstacles to Hitlers power? |
*trade unions (there were frequent strikes) *the press (often challenged the government) *the church (is loyal to the Pope and the people) |
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What strengthened the position of Hitler initially? |
*biggest parry in the Reichstag (1932 Nov 33% of the vote) *shared values with the elites *key cabinet members were nazis *propoganda (run by geobels) *limited resistance from the left *terror and violence *Hitler acc being smart as he was a was tactician so a lot of ppl underestimated him |
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Who were the key nazi cabinet members? |
Wilhelm Frick - minister of the interior (policing, good for hitler) Hermann goring - minister without portfolio (kinda useless really) Joseph Goebbels- minister of state media, created a propaganda campaign. |
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What were the key restrictions on Hitlers power in 1932? |
*hindenberg and the elites *the army *a coalition government |
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When was the Reichstag fire and who was blamed? |
27th February 1933, Marius van der der lubbe, a communist. This created a growing fear for the left. |
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What did the Reichstag Fire Decree say and when was it passed? |
Februrary 28th 1933. It nullified civil liberties of German Citizens. It was essentially used to imprison anyone considered to be Nazi opponents to supress publications not supporting them. |
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When was the day of Potsdam and what happened? |
March 21st 1933. Ceremony for the opening of the New Reichstag. |
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How much of the vote did Nazis achieve in the March 1933 elections? |
43.9%, nearly a majority. |
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What happened in the March 1933 elections? |
Hitler used the SS, the SA and the Stalhelm to monitor votes, which pushed people away from voting if they were not voting nazi (there were 50,000 stationed around Germany) there was also a campaign of violence against the left. |
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What was Gleichschaltung? |
Co-ordinstion. Essentially the process of Nazification, and the party successfully established a totalitarian, centralised state. |
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When was the Enabling act and what was it ? |
23rd March 1933. Gave Hitler the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag. Essentially made him official dictator, although he still had to please Hindenburg and the Army. |
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What was the Concordat? |
A deal that Hitler cut with the Centre Party after the Enabling act stating that he would leave the church alone if they stayed out of politics. |
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What kind of acts did Hitler do in the name of Gleichshaltung? |
*take over organisations that were not Nazis. *removed nazi opponents from schools, administration and law *centralised the media *may 1933, banned trade unions and replaced with the DAF |
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What were the key factors in hitlers consolidation of power? |
*propoganda *violence *pseudo-legal measures *gleichshaltung |
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Who was Franz von Papen? |
*Hitlers vice chancellor, and a prussian statesman who pushed Hindenberg to appoint Hitler in the first place (he wanted to control Hitler, but was later killed in the night of the long knives) In 1932 he used article 48 to remove the government of Prussia, centralising it after violence and rebellion was taking place. |
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What happened to the SPD under Hitler? |
Banned in Junr 1932, as they voted against the Enabling act despite the intimidation and violence used. They organised the SOPADE and became an underground resistance. |
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What happened to the KPD under Hitler? |
Persecuted and banned after they were blamed for the Reichstag fire. |
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What happened to the ZP under Hitler? |
The Concordant - because von papen (a zp member) was vice chancellor the party felt compelled to vote through the enabling act. |
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What happened to the DNVP under Hitler? |
Led by Hugenberg who kinda ran the media, and he allowed Hitler to use this as they were in a coalition. He was originally economics minister but resigned when he realised he had to assimilate with the Nazis. |
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When was Kopernick Blood Week and what happened? |
21st - 26th June 1933. SPD faced violence and oppression. 500 spd members were tortured by the SA, SS, and Gestapo. |
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What happened on the 14th July 1933? |
Nazis were declared the only legal party in Germany, and it was now illegal to form opposition political parties. |
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What was the role of the DAF in 1933 |
*ensure political agitation is silenced *educating germans as nazis *occasionally tried to benefit the workers so there was a lack of opposition *trade unions were the one thing in Germany that United ppl which js why Hitler needed to get rid of tben |
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What and when was the law and reconstruction of the Reich? |
30th January 1934. Officially ended all state parliaments and officially centralised the power. |
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What was the Night of the Long Knives? |
On 30th June 1934, Hitler believed that the SA were no longer useful to him due to opposition being dispersed, and they became gradually more unpopular with directly correlated with Hitlers unpopularity. There was no point having this untrained peoples militia alongside the disciplined army of 100,000 men. He had the SS arrest leaders of the SA including Rohm, and around 200 key SA leaders were executed, and 100 key political figures |
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What was the impact of the Night of the Long Knives? |
*the army was appeased and moved to Hitlers side *opposition was further put down and threatened (eg Ernst Jung, speech writer of Papen) *conservatives and junkers appeased *made Hitler look more decisive. |
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What did Hitler do after Hindenbergs death in August 1934? |
Combine the post of President and Chancellor to become Fuhrer. |
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How was the SA useful for Hitlers rise to power? |
*they helped unemployment issues especially ex military *initimidated opposition *showed strength of Nazism *acted as a barrier to Communism |
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What were the causes of the Night of the Long Knives? |
*emergence of the SS *rohm was a rival for power *SA were more revolutionary than ordinary Nazis which alienated key supporters like the elites *After the enabling act, the SA essentially lacked a purpose *they had a thuggish image |
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What were Hitlers foreign policy aims? |
Unlimited territorial expansion Destroy the Versailles settlement Destroy the Soviet union Enslave the people of eastern europe |
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What actions did Hitler take in pursuit of his foreign policy aims? |
Began rearmament in secret The four power pact (which revised the treaty of versailles) Withdrawal from the league of nations |
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What was Hitlers lifestyle like? |
*lazy *vegetarian *hated Berlin *often went to his mountain retreat I bavaria |
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How many cabinet meetings were there In 1933 compared to 1935? |
1933 - 75 (still consolidating power) 1935 - 12 (Hitler was a dictator |
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What was the polycratic state like? |
There were numerous organisations who's aims all overlapped, and they competed instead of co-operated. This therefore led to chaos, which Hitler welcomed due to his belief that the strongest would survive. |
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What was the Hitler myth? |
An "image" spread by Goebels of Hitler which claimed that he: *personified Germany with no selfish interests *it was the German people who cultivated the economic miracle *represented popular justice *defended Germany *was entirely responsible for all successes of government |
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What were the effects of the Hitler Myth? |
*made Hitler more popular -1930s, 90% of germans admired him -sustained the regime -brought germans together (in a similar way that Wilhelm I brought them together) -covered up inconsistencies and failures -contributed to the decline of the third Reich *Hitler started to believe the myth himself |
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What were some signs of strong leadership in Hitler? |
*everyone was loyal to him above all else |
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What are some signs of weak leadership in Hitler? |
*dependent on others *gauleiter were the backbone of hitlers power *he just went with what everyone believed |
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What was the concept of "working towards the fuhrer"? |
Nazis would make decisions that they thought fit hitlers Weltanschaung (world view) |
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What was cumulative radicalism? |
The way that policies became more extreme over time |
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What happend on 1st April 1933 and what was the impact? |
A one day boycott of Jewish businesses organised by Julius Streicher. increased casual radicalism |
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How many Jews had left Germany by 1933? |
37000 |
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How did the "Working towards the Fuhrer" contribute to further radicalisation? |
*the Nuremberg laws 15th September 1935 -more street violence -intensified propoganda -discriminstion now legal, |
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Why did Hitler allow the chaos that ensued in Germany? |
*allowed him to focus on his own goals (rearmament of and the imposition of German power against the terms of the Versailles treaty) *Hitler had no experience in politics *lazy personality and unorthodox method of working (he was a night owl) *never took a firm stance on anything for fear of it damaging his popularity. |
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Why did the number of Cabinet meetings decline? |
The passing of the enabling act meant he didnt need to hold meetings anymore and he could just do it himself. |
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What was Lebensraun? |
Hitlers desire to claim more territory |
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Why did Hitler maintain a good relationship with the military? |
He needed them to achieve Lebensraum and to overcome the Versailles settlement. |
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How successfully had Hitler won the military by 1935? |
*night of the long knives showed them that they were preferred over the thuggish SA *Feb 1933 - only the army could carry guns *January 1934 - ordered the SA to limit activities and political agitation *30th June 1934 - the Hitler oath, which tied them to him *March 1935 - conscription introduced |
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When was the Hitler Oath? |
30th June 1934 |
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What are some examples or Hitler allowing parallel organisations to exist? |
*1933, organisation test to oversee construction of the Autobahn instead of the already existing ministry of transport. *Luftwaffe placed under the Reich Aviation Ministry instead of ministry of defence |
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What were the key themes of Nazi propoganda? |
*appeal to national unity *need for racial purity *hatred for reichfiende *charismatic leadershop |
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What are the successes of Nazi propoganda? |
*suspended allegiances *created a heightened national awareness *lack of opposition out of fear *old loyalties never eroded |
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What were the main goals of Nazi propoganda? |
*to radically restructure German society so there would be extreme loyalty to the nation *community before individual |
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What was Volksgemeinschaft? |
Peoples community. The nazi ideology where the greater good comes before any individual ambitions or other loyalties. Intended to unite Germans through nationalism, loyalty to Hitler, to have a strong authoritarian government, and to have a restoration of national pride. Also wanted to exclude outsiders. It was deliberately vague so people could cherry pick aspects that appealed to them |
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What law was passed against he Jews on 7th April 1933? |
Law for the restoration of the professional civil service-Jews excluded from the governments civil service |
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What was the anti Jewish law passed on 4th October 1933? |
Law for the exclusion of Jewish journalists |
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What were the 15th September 1935 Nuremberg Race Laws? |
*Reich citizenship act where Jews lost their citizenship *law for tbe protection of German blood and honour. Marriages between Jews and germans were forbidden. |
