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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major depressive disorder is characterized by |
persistent unpleasant moods |
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Dysthymia is characterized by |
chronic more mild depressive symptoms |
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Diagnosis of Major Depressive disorder |
-5 or more symptoms must be present during the same 2 week period and must represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure |
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Symptoms include |
-Depressed mood -Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) -Feelings of worthlessness or guilt -Decreased concentration -Psychomotor agitation or retardation -Insomnia or hypersomnia -decreased libido -Change in weight or appetite -Thoughts of death or suicide |
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Sub classifications of depression Common co-morbidities |
melancholic features, atypical depression Depression with psychotic or catatonic features Post pardum depression Dysthymia Pain, HD, autoimmune disorder, diabetes etc. |
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Risk factors include |
-Childhood abuse -prior episode -family hx -Lack of social support -Stressful life event -substance abuse -Economic difficulties |
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Etiology |
Genetic predisposition ~ 31-42% heritability environment unique to 58-67% life history development biological challenges |
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Explain Genetic component Genes can predispose to MDD by... |
Specific gene of cause has not been identified but variations in genes (polymorphisms) may increase the risk genes can control: -metabolism of NTs and receptors -# and types of neurons and synaptic connections -intracellular transduction of neuronal signals -the speed of which these change in response to environmental stressor |
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_______ gene is the most studied in MDD it contains a polymorphism that gives ________ |
Serotonin transporter gene 2 different alleles (long and short) person can be homozygous for either allele or heterozygous -Short allele slows the synthesis of serotonin - leading to dysregulation |
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BDNF is it has an important role in It activates_____ Levels are _______ in people with MDD |
-Brain derived neurotropic factor - a growth factor (protein) in the brain -role in birth survival and maturation of brain cells during development - important for neuronal cell growth and synaptic changes -Activates DNA binding factors that stimulate gene transcription of genes involved in serotonin function (serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydrolase - the serotonin synthesizing enzyme) -Levels are LOW |
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Genes involved in BDNF Polymorphism affects_____ |
Val and met alleles -People with met allele have an increased vulnerability to depression -Affects intracellular transport and secretion of BDNF -people have small hippocampus at birth, hypo activity at rest, hyperactivity during learning and poor hippocampus dependant memory function - |
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Hippocampus modulates cognitive aspects such as________ |
memory, hopelessness, guilt, doom and suicide |
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having ________ for BDNF and _______ for serotonin combined with _____ increases risk of depression |
met allele; short allele and psychosocial stress |
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Post mordem studies show _____ BDNF in ________ and ________ studies show low BDNF in pts with MDD |
low; hippocampus and prefrontal cortex; serum studies |
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Depression involves underactivity of __________ NTs |
NE, Epi, - From locus ceruleus in BS - derived from dopamine Serotonin - Raphe nucleus in BS - derived from tryptophan |
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Brain storms are |
trillions of neuronal networks formed by the brain |
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Biogenic Amine Hypothesis |
-Serotonin, NE & Dopamine are decreased in pts. with depression (decreased pre synaptic release or postsynaptic sensitivity) -Decreased serotonin does not CAUSE depression -Theres also a chicken and egg problem - does depression cause decreased serotonin or does decreased serotonin cause depression? |
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people with parkinsons have _________ and rates of depression are __________ |
low dopamine production in substantia nigra; higher rates |
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Prefrontal cortex is involved in______ its volume and activity is _______ in depression |
-planning, problem solving, intellectual insight, judgement, and expression of emotion -> regulates emotion and mood -Reduced |
