Dentistry And Oral Surgery

Front 1

How are teeth classified?

Back 1

Brachydont & Hypsodont teeth

-Based on crown & root structure

Front 2

Describe Brachyodont Teeth

Back 2

-Humans, carnivores, pigs
-Have small distinct crown compared to the size of their well developed roots
-Teeth DO NOT continue to erupt or grow!

Front 3

Describe Hypsodont Teeth

Back 3

-Horses, rodents, lagomorphs(rabbits)
-Large reserve crown beneath the gingival margin & root structure that allows for continued growth
-Continued eruption during most of the animals life

Front 4

Decribe Diphyodont

Back 4

Means they have 2 sets of teeth
-Many mammals
-First set referred to as Deciduous (primary/baby teeth)
-Deciduous are replaced with permanent teeth (secondary/adult teeth)

Front 5

Dental Formulas

CANINE: Puppy

Back 5

Deciduous
2 x (3/3i, 1/1c, 3/3p) = 28 teeth
-Puppies are born without teeth
-Eruption times can vary by breed
-Deciduous teeth fall out 1-2 wks before adult teeth erupt

Front 6

Dental Formulas

CANINE: Adult Dog

Back 6

Primary
2 x (3/3I, 1/1C, 4/4P, 2/3M) = 42 teeth

Front 7

Dental Formulas

FELINE: Kitten

Back 7

Deciduous
2 x (3/3i, 1/1c, 3/2p) = 26 teeth
-Kittens teeth erupt sooner than the puppy

Front 8

Dental Formulas

FELINE: Adult Cat

Back 8

Primary
2 x (3/3I, 1/1C, 3/2P, 1/1M) = 30 teeth

Front 9

4 Types of Brachyodont Teeth

Back 9

1. Incisors- front of mouth (gnawing & grooming)
2. Canine- distal to incisors (Very long, grasping & holding)
3. Premolars- (shearing & grinding)
4. Molars- known as "cheek teeth"(shaering & grinding)

Front 10

Three Types of Head Shapes of Animals

Back 10

1. Mesocephalic
2. Brachycephalic
3. Dolichocephalic

Front 11

Describe:
Mesocephalic

Back 11

-Most common head type
-Well-proportioned skull width & maxillary length
EX: poodles, corgis, shepards, retrievers, domestic shorthair cats

Front 12

Describe:
Brachycephalic

Back 12

-Brachy means "short"
-Short, wide heads
-Crowded, rotated premolar teeth; short maxilla
EX: boxers, pugs, bulldogs, persian cats

Front 13

Describe:
Dolichocephalic

Back 13

-Dolicho means "long"
-Long, narrow heads
EX: collies, greyhounds, siamese cats

Front 14

Components of Maxilla

Back 14

-Upper jaw
-Roof of mouth: hard & soft palates
-Hard palate: roof of mouth made of hard bone (covers rostral 2/3)
-Soft palate: No underlying bone
-Has MM that has 8-10 prominent ridges

Front 15

Components of Mandible

Back 15

-Lower jaw
-Connected to maxilla by a hinge joint called "Tempromandibular Joint (TMJ)

Front 16

The Tooth is Divided into....

Back 16

Crown
Neck
Root

Front 17

Tip of Crown called...

Back 17

Cusp

Front 18

What is the Enamel?

Back 18

-Covers the crown
-Hardest substance in the body
-Can fracture on hard surfaces/bones

Front 19

1. The Internal bulk portion of the tooth consists of what?
2. The Inner Most portion contains what?

Back 19

1. The bulk of the tooth consists of DENTIN
2. Inner most portion of the tooth contains the PULP CHAMBER

Front 20

What does the Pulp Chamber contain?

Back 20

Consists of:
Nerves
Blood vessels
Cells
Fibrous tissue

Front 21

What is the APEX?

Back 21

-Part of the tooth that is the deepest in the socket, closest to the tip of the tooth.
-Contains small channels that blood vessels & nerves enter and exit.

Front 22

Gingiva

Back 22

GINGIVA: made of epithelial tissue; harder and more tightly attached to supportive structures-able to stand the force of chewing.

Front 23

Free Gingiva

Back 23

FREE GINGIVA: portion NOT directly attached to gingiva

Front 24

Gingival Sulcus

Back 24

GINGIVAL SULCUS: area between free gingiva and the tooth.
When healthy, without a space

Front 25

Pocket

Back 25

POCKET: space between the gingiva and the tooth

Front 26

How is the tooth held in place?

Back 26

The tooth is held in place in the ALVEOUS (socket) by the PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT

Front 27

Cementum

Back 27

CEMENTUM: material that can repair itself (when damaged) attaches the peridontal ligament to the tooth.

Front 28

Terminology
1. Furcation
2. Bifurcation
3. Trifurcation

Back 28

1. Furcation- area where the roots join the crown
2. Bifurcation- area between two rooted teeth
3. Trifurcation- area between three rooted teeth

Front 29

Apical

Back 29

toward the apex

Front 30

Occlusion

Back 30

refers to the way the teeth fit together

Front 31

Anodontia

Back 31

Absence of teeth

Front 32

Normal Occlusion

Back 32

Upper incisors close just in front of the lower incisors (upper 4th premolar should come to the outside of the 1st molar)
Normal bite- Scissor action

Front 33

Supernumerary teeth

Back 33

extra permanent teeth, usually insicors causes crowding
Retained deciduous teeth are common in Poodles, Yorkies, Shih Tzu

Front 34

Triadan System

Back 34

Refers to the teeth by using a numeric system vs. descriptive terminology.
-saves time detailing charts
-Most commonly used

Front 35

Complete Medical History

Back 35

-Clinical History: physical symptoms & behavioral changes
-Oral Home Care History: frequency of oral home care, methods used, diet, toys and treats

Front 36

Extraoral Examination

Back 36

-Head: mastication muscles
-Face: swellings & pain
-Ears
-Eyes: bulging or discharge
-Neck: salivary glands & lymph nodes
-Occlusion

Front 37

Intraoral Examination of Soft Tissue

Back 37

Tongue, Skin & Mucosa, Gingiva, Tonsils, Hard & Soft Palate, Pharynx, Teeth (occlusion, enamel, calculus, missing teeth)

Front 38

When checking each tooth:

Back 38

Check for fractures, pupl exposure, abnormal wear patterns, abrasions, chips

Front 39

Abrasions

Back 39

refers to tooth wear associated with aggressive chewing toys, rocks, and ice cubes

Front 40

Attrition

Back 40

Normal wear associated with tooth to tooth contact over time

Front 41

Parts of a hand instrument

Back 41

1.Handle- part thats grasped; round tapered hexagon shaped
2.Shank- joins the working endw/ the handle
3.Working end- portion that comes in contact w/ the tooth

Front 42

Instruments for Intraoral Examination

Back 42

-Explorer & Periodontal Probe- double ended, used to detect plaque & calculus; can also be used to explore for cavities
-Shepherds Hook- Most commonly found explorer

Front 43

Periodontal Probe

Back 43

-can have color bands @ 2mm, 3mm
-Gently insert into pocket or sulcus to measure depth
-When resistance is felt at base of sulcus/pocket, note marking level on probe adjacent to gingival margin
-measurements always rounded up to larger measur.

Front 44

Calculus Removing Forceps

Back 44

-For quick removal of large pieces of calculus
-tips are different length & shapes
-longer tip placed over crown
-shorter tip placed under calculus
-calculus sheared off when the two handles are brought together (use cation not to damage enamel or gingiva)

Front 45

Scalers

Back 45

-three sharp sides and tip
-used for scaling calculus from the crown surface (narrow deep fissures)
-Used supragingival only (damage caused to gingiva & periodonal ligament if used subgingivally)
-Face:flat side between 2 cutting edges
-Cutting Edge: working part of scaler (sharpened regularly)

Front 46

Mouth Gag

Back 46

-Instrument used to hold mouth open when performing dental work.

Front 47

Dental Radiography

Back 47

-essential for planning & assessing outcome of dental treatment for dogs, cats, exotics
-Important diagnostic tool to detect pathologic conditions that are not clinically visible in the mouth
-Patients must be sedated or anesthetized for quality films

Front 48

Assessment by Dental Radiography

Back 48

Used for detecting: Root absorption, Periapical radiolucency, Periodontal bone loss, Retained root tips, Unerupted teeth, Tooth & jaw fractures, TMJ, Cavities, Osteomyelitis, Neoplasia, Foreign bodies (fish hooks, needles, etc.)

Front 49

Dental X-Ray Machine

Back 49

-May be wall mounted or stand on floor w/ wheels
-Tube head extends from long arm which attaches to the control panel
-Intraoral film: consists of plastic base covered on both sides w/ emulsion of silver halide crystals
-film is wrapped in black paper w/ lead foil backing (sizes 0-4)

Front 50

Film Processing

Back 50

1.Developing: converts silver halide crystals in film, Image is preserved in atomic silver
2.Rinsing: removes developer from film
3.Fixing: stops developing process, washes away remaining silver halide crystals
4.Rinsing and drying

Front 51

3 Techniqus Commonly used for Dental Radiographs:

Back 51

1. Paralleling Technique
2. Bisecting Technique
3. Occlusal Technique

Front 52

Periodontal Disease

Back 52

Healthy gingiva has a sharp, tapered edge that lies closely against the crown of the tooth.

Front 53

Periodontitis

Back 53

-Most common disease of animals & humans (80% of dogs & 70% of cats have some form of this disease by 3 yrs old!)
-Periodontitis means inflammation of structures around the tooth
-Caused by plaque
-Clinical Signs: inflammation, calculus, plaque, periodontal pocket, loss of aveolar bone attachment

Front 54

Factors that cause Periodontal Disease

Back 54

Factors: age, species, breed, genetics, chewing behavior, diet, grooming habits, bacterial flora of oral cavity, health status, home care, frequency of professional care

Front 55

Plaque, Tartar, and Calculus

Back 55

-Plaque: white, slippery film that collects around the gingival sulcus.
-Made mostly of bacteria, food debris, exfoliated cells, and salivary glycoproteins

Front 56

What is the result of plaque collection around the teeth?

Back 56

Damages tissues by releasing bacterial endotoxins. In time, plaque mineralizes on teeth and forms DENTAL CALCULUS- brown/yellow deposits.....Ewww, Gross!
-Next destruction of the periodontium & loss of aveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and gingiva. This is IRREVERSIBLE!(Periodontitis)

Front 57

Progression of Periodontal Disease

Back 57

Key is PREVENTION!
-Gingivitis IS reversible, Periodontal is NOT, can only be slowed down.
-Hard to control once started
**Spreads to organs: Liver, Kidneys, Heart, Lungs

Front 58

Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Back 58

Treatment: goal is to remove plaque & calculus and minimize plaque reattachment

Front 59

Periodontal Debridement

Back 59

-Remove bacterial plaque
-Remove endotoxins
-Remove hard calculus deposits
-Halt disease process